山西代县金红石矿床中锆石的内部特征和矿物包裹体研究及其地质意义

对山西代县洪塘矿区富含红色和黑色两种金红石的直闪岩进行岩相观察和矿物成分分析,并就其中锆石在阴极发光下的外部形态、内部结构及矿物包裹体进行研究.所分选出的锆石按其颗粒上的相对位置、形态、阴极发光图像、SHRIMP年龄值以及内部矿物包裹体划分为复杂锆石和单成因锆石,其中复杂锆石由核部、幔部和边部锆石三类锆石组成.第1类锆石无环带,部分边缘可见溶蚀痕迹,为继承锆石.内部包裹富锾矿物组合顽火辉石+金云母,与寄主岩石的组合明显不同,反映其可能是寄主岩石形成之前保留于锆石中的原岩矿物并源于地幔.第Ⅱ类锆石为半自形-自形晶,环带较宽且清晰,推测为高级变质锆石.其内矿物包裹体主要为直闪石,其次为钙铁辉石(?),反映其形成于角闪岩相,与寄主岩石的矿物组合可能一致.第Ⅲ类锆石主要位于增生边,阴极发光亮度高,推测为流体改造的变质锆石.第Ⅳ类单成因锆石多呈自形,阴极发光下较暗,生长环带规则且较窄.矿物包裹体有钠长石+石英+白云母,对应中压绿片岩相,其形成温度和压力低于寄主岩石,它与第Ⅲ类锆石可能是在同一期后期事件中形成.结合岩相学研究结果,认为该区金红石矿床之原岩可能是岩浆岩,后期经历了至少两期构造热事件,早期热事件可能导致了锆石内U-Th-Pb体系的重置.以上研究结果表明经历复杂变质作用的变质岩中锆石内部矿物包裹体的研究分析还是探讨寄主岩石成因及所经历地质事件的有效手段.     

Nb/Ta fractionation observed in eclogites from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project

This paper reports detailed analyses of Nb and Ta concentrations of 19 eclogite samples and their principal mineral constituents from the main drill hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) and nearby outcrops. We observe highly fractionated and overall suprachondritic Nb/Ta values in minerals, e.g., rutile (4.8–87), titanite (12–62) and amphibole (2.0–67). Amphiboles in amphibolites (retrograded from eclogite) can be classified into two groups: a low Nb/Ta group that bears higher Al contents and is thus of higher pressure origin, and a high Nb/Ta, lower pressure group. The former group was likely formed during subduction; the latter may have formed during exhumation in the presence of rutile and titanite. The significant Nb/Ta fractionation in rutile and other minerals may reflect early dehydration of the subducted slab at shallow depths before the formation of rutile, which occurs at depths ≥50 km. The dehydration, with amphiboles existing as the main Nb–Ta-bearing phase, would lead to Nb/Ta fractionation, i.e., forming subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios in the released fluids and, complementarily, suprachondritic Nb/Ta ratios in the residual phases. While a large proportion of the fluids may escape from the slab to the mantle wedge, considerable amounts of the fluids can be retained in hydrous minerals within the descending slab, thus forming hydrated cold eclogites with subchondritic Nb/Ta characteristics. As subduction continues to depths over 50 km, rutile appears and consequently controls the Nb–Ta budget. In the presence of rutile, melting of the hydrated cold eclogites with very low Nb/Ta ratios would form magmas with negative Nb, Ta anomalies and subchondritic Nb/Ta. Further dehydration of the continuously descending slab results in even more fractionated Nb/Ta ratios in subsequently released fluids and residues, providing a feasible explanation for the large Nb/Ta variation observed in the modern arc magmas and residual eclogites.     

大别硬玉石英岩中金红石原位高温高压下晶体结构和OH的研究

本文通过金刚石对顶砧与拉曼光谱、红外光谱联用技术,原位模拟了金红石在高温高压下晶体结构及其OH的变化,从而了解俯冲带流体中金红石在地质过程中的行为及作用。实验证明,金红石在压力的作用下经历两次相变,分别为金红石型TiO₂结构→斜锆石型TiO₂结构（P=23.43GPa）→萤石型TiO₂结构（P=34.98GPa）,其结构在经历过超深俯冲后、折返过程中则以ɑ-PbO₂型TiO₂结构稳定存在。并且金红石晶体中的OH红外特征峰强度随着压力的增加而降低,从而显示在加压过程中金红石中OH含量降低,但直至地球深部超过600km（37.28GPa,约1200km）,其晶体中的OH也并未完全脱去。在高温高压实验中,金红石样品从常温常压条件加压、加温至P=4.01~4.08GPa和T=700℃时,金红石晶体的有序度、OH含量随着温度增加而降低,但至实验最高温压,晶体内部仍保留OH,其结构也稳定存在,因此金红石可以将水携带至深部约120km处。在降至常温常压的过程中,金红石中OH含量虽然增加,但并未恢复至实验开始时的含量,因此经历过快速俯冲、折返后的金红石中的OH含量无法代表金红石形成时的OH含量。     

CCSD主孔榴辉岩中金红石微量元素特征：LA-ICPMS分析及其意义

对中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）主孔200~1005m范围内8件榴辉岩样品的金红石进行了LA-ICPMS原位微区微量元素分析,结合前人已发表的全岩和金红石分析数据,研究结果发现：在不同类型榴辉岩中,金红石的微量元素与其全岩成分具有不同的相关关系。金红石中的Nb和Ta元素含量不同程度地受控于全岩Nb和Ta含量。在高钛和低镁钛榴辉岩中,金红石的Cr与全岩Cr/TiO₂正相关;在富镁榴辉岩中,金红石的Cr含量受全岩MgO含量的控制;在高钛和富镁榴辉岩中,全岩成分明显影响着金红石的Zr含量,金红石Zr温度计可能不适用。低镁钛榴辉岩的金红石的平衡温度普遍低于榴辉岩峰期变质温度,可能是变质流体参与下的扩散作用和退变质作用所致;多数情况下,单个样品中大部分金红石颗粒的Zr含量是均匀的,金红石Zr温度计所给出的温度可能代表着退变质再平衡的温度;CCSD榴辉岩的全岩Nb/Ta比值普遍低于其中金红石的Nb/Ta比值,不支持金红石榴辉岩可能是地球上超球粒陨石Nb/Ta比值储库的观点。     

Metal mobility during hydrothermal breakdown of Fe-Ti oxides: Insights from Sb-Au mineralizing event (Variscan Armorican Massif,France)

Hydrothermal alteration related to Sb-Au mineralization is widespread in the Variscan Armorican Massif, but mineral replacement reactions are not well characterized, in particular the hydrothermal breakdown of ilmenite-titanohematite. Based on petrography, electron probe micro-analyzer and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer analyses, we document mineralogical change at rock- and mineral-scale and the redistribution of Sb and others trace elements during the recrystallization of ilmenite-titanohematite to hydrothermal rutile. Hydrothermal alteration is mainly potassic with associated carbonation. The replacement mechanism is interpreted to be an interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation process. Results show that Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Sn, Mo and U are released during hydrothermal alteration, whereas Sb and W are incorporated in newly-formed hydrothermal rutile from the hydrothermal fluid. Furthermore, the concentration of Sb evolves through time suggesting a change in fluid composition likely related to an enrichment of fluid in Sb during rutile crystallization. Considering that Fe-Ti oxides breakdown during hydrothermal alteration is common within epithermal and mesothermal/orogenic Au-Sb mineralizing systems, results report in this study yield important constraints about metal mobility and exchanges in hydrothermal gold systems.     

Intracellular mineral grains in the xenophyophore Nazareammina tenera (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) from the Nazaré Canyon (Portuguese margin, NE Atlantic)

Xenophyophores, a group of large agglutinated foraminifera, are characterized by the presence of numerous intracellular barite grains, termed granellae, the function and origin of which is unclear. The recently described xenophyophore Nazareammina tenera (Gooday et al., in press), from abyssal depth (4300 m) in the Nazaré Canyon contains an unusually dense concentration of mineral grains in its cytoplasm. Uniquely among known xenophyophores, the intracellular grains in this species comprise a variety of different mineral types in addition to barite. They exhibit a wide range of morphologies and energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that they include Ti-bearing minerals, many of them rod-shaped (probably rutile), as well as those containing Fe and Ti (possibly ilmenite and anatase), and Al and Si (probably clay minerals). While the function of intracellular particles in xenophyophores remains unclear, the presence of numerous particles of various types in the cytoplasm suggests that they originate from the sediment. This suite of intracellular mineral grains is completely different from that used to construct the agglutinated test of N. tenera, suggesting that this species is able to discriminate between different kinds of particles. A second xenophyophore species, Reticulammina cerebreformis (Gooday et al., in press), which is abundant at the same site as N. tenera, is devoid of intracellular particles, suggesting that their presence in N. tenera is a species-specific characteristic.     

A thermobarometer for sphene (titanite)

Sphene and zircon are common accessory minerals in metamorphic and igneous rocks of very different composition from many different geological environments. Their essential structural constituents, Ti and Zr, are capable of replacing each other to some degree. In this paper we detail the results of high pressure–temperature experiments as well as analyses of natural sphene crystals that establish a systematic relationship between temperature, pressure and Zr concentration in sphene. Calibrations of the temperature and pressure relationships are presented as a thermobarometer. Synthetic sphene crystals were crystallized in the presence of zircon, quartz and rutile at 1–2.4 GPa and 800–1,000°C from hydrothermal solutions. Crystals were analyzed for Zr by electron microprobe (EMP). The experimental results define a log-linear relationship between equilibrium Zr content (ppm by weight), pressure (GPa) and reciprocal absolute temperature: The incorporation of Zr into sphene was found to be rather sensitive to pressure effects and also to the effects of kinetic disequilibrium and growth entrapment that result in sector zoning. The Zr content of sphene is relatively insensitive to the presence of both REEs and F-Al substitutions in sphene. To supplement and test the experimental data, sphenes from seven rocks of well-constrained origin were analyzed for Zr by both EMP and ion microprobe (IMP). The sphene thermobarometer records crystallization temperatures that are consistent with independent thermometry. When applied to natural sphene of unknown origin or growth conditions, this thermobarometer has the potential to estimate temperatures with an approximate uncertainty of ±20°C over the temperature range of interest (600–1,000°C). The Zr-in-sphene thermobarometer can also be used in conjunction with the Zr-in-rutile thermobarometer to estimate both pressure and temperature of crystallization. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Molecular dynamics study of pressure-induced transformation of quartz-type GeO2

We simulated quartz-type GeO₂ and investigated its high-pressure transformation using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method with a model potential. The calculated results under hydrostatic compression indicated that a pressure-induced amorphization of quartz-type GeO₂ originated from the mechanical instability of the quartz lattice as, in previous theoretical studies of SiO₂. Furthermore, quartz-type GeO₂ directly transformed to a rutile-like structure with only subtle displacements of ions under σ _{x y} imposed shear stressed decompression. This is the first reproduction of the quartz-to-rutile transformation. A possible pathway of this transition is proposed in this study. Received: 14 April 1999 / Revised, accepted: 11 August 1999     

南苏鲁造山带毛北超高压变质岩体的成因与成矿作用

毛北超高压变质岩体位于苏鲁造山带南部,是由石榴石橄榄岩、榴辉岩、硬玉石英岩和石榴石多硅白云母石英片岩组成的层状岩体.富金红石榴辉岩和富钛铁矿榴辉岩在岩体中呈连续的层状产出,总厚度达200m,深度＞700m,构成了一个大型的钛矿床.岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究表明,毛北岩体的原岩形成在新元古代Rodinia超大陆裂解过程中,基性岩浆经历了强烈的分异结晶作用,形成了由橄榄辉长岩-辉长岩-闪长岩-花岗岩组成的复杂层状侵入体,并在新元古代的全球冰期与高纬度大气降水发生强烈的水-岩交换作用.在印支期的大陆深俯冲过程中,经历了超高压变质作用,其峰期变质温度＞800℃,压力＞4.5GPa,富钛磁铁矿辉长岩转变成了富金红石榴辉岩,形成了超高压变质的钛矿床.     

Rutile geochemistry and thermometry of eclogites and associated garnet-mica schists in the Biga Peninsula,NW Turkey

In northwest Turkey, high-pressure metamorphic rocks occur as exotic blocks within the Çetmi mélange located on the south of the Biga Peninsula. Rutile chemistry and rutile thermometry obtained from the eclogite and associated garnet-mica schist in the Çetmi mélange indicate significant trace element behaviour of subducted oceanic crust and source-rock lithology of detrital rutiles. Cr and Nb contents in detrital rutile from garnet-mica schist vary from 355 to 1026 μg/g and 323 and 3319 μg/g, respectively. According to the Cr-Nb discrimination diagram, the results show that 85% of the detrital rutiles derived from metapelitic and 15% from metamafic rocks. Temperatures calculated for detrital rutiles and rutiles in eclogite range from 540 °C to 624 °C with an average of 586 °C and 611 °C to 659 °C with an average of 630 °C at P = 2.3 GPa, respectively. The calculated formation temperatures suggest that detrital rutiles are derived from amphibolite- and eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks. Amphibolite-facies rocks of the Kazdağ Massif could be the primary source rocks for the rutiles in the garnet-mica schist from the Çetmi mélange. Nb/Ta ratios of metapelitic and metamafic rutiles fall between 7–24 and 11–25, respectively. Nb/Ta characteristics in detrital rutiles may reflect a change in source-rock lithology. However, Nb/Ta ratios of rutiles in eclogite vary from 9 to 22. The rutile grains from eclogites are dominated by subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios. It can be noted that subchondritic Nb/Ta may record rutile growth from local sinks of aqueous fluids from metamorphic dehydration.