新西兰碧玉的宝石学特征

以产自新西兰的碧玉样品作为研究对象,采用常规的宝石学测试、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、环境扫描电子显微镜、等离子体质谱仪、X射线粉晶衍射仪,对其表面微观形貌、矿物组成、化学成分特征进行了较全面的研究。研究表明,新西兰碧玉的显微结构致密程度不高,矿物结晶颗粒粗细不一,局部具有定向性,其主要的矿物组成为角闪石,内含黑色的铬铁矿杂质。将新西兰碧玉的化学成分特征与新疆一带所产的碧玉相比较,主量元素和微量元素的含量均有所差别。     

一种和田玉仿制品——含氟的硅碱钙石微晶化玻璃的初步研究

针对市场上出现的一种外观酷似和田玉的微晶化玻璃,利用常规宝石学测试手段、扫描电镜分析、X射线粉末衍射分析以及红外光谱分析等测试方法,对该材料样品的宝石学特征、表面微观形貌特征、光谱学特征等进行了研究。结果显示,样品为一种含氟的硅碱钙石微晶化玻璃,它是由以二氧化硅为主要成分的基础玻璃在特定的温度条件下逐渐析晶而成的,其微观结构与和田玉的有一定的差异,可以通过红外光谱和XRD对其进行结论性鉴定与区别。     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of placer nephrite from Hetian, Xinjiang, Northwest China

The Yurungkash and Karakash rivers, also known respectively as the White Jade and Black Jade rivers, located in Hetian, Xinjiang Province, Northwest China, are the two main sources in China of white, green, and black placer nephrite, with a long history (~ 5000 years) of exploration and mining. The twenty-nine placer nephrite samples collected from both rivers and analyzed in the present study possess fine-grained and compact microstructures. The mineral assemblages in the samples provide clues to the metamorphic/metasomatic processes that formed the nephrite, which was the result of one of the following reactions: dolomitic marble → tremolite, or dolomitic marble → diopside → tremolite. White nephrite from the Yurungkash River and green nephrite from the Karakash River are predominantly tremolite. Based on electron probe microanalytical data, backscattered electron images, and Raman spectra, two kinds of black nephrite from the Karakash River are identified: one dominated by actinolite aggregates, and another consisting of tremolite aggregates with graphite crystals up to 2 mm in length. Compared with black nephrite, white and green nephrites contain fewer mineral inclusions and have lower FeO and MnO contents. All the amphiboles in the nephrites have very low contents of Cr₂O₃ (0.00–0.07 wt.%) and NiO (0.00–0.05 wt.%) relative to serpentinite-related nephrite (0.07–0.43 wt.% Cr₂O₃, 0.08–0.36 wt.% NiO). Most of the nephrite samples have low total rare earth element (ΣREE) contents, ranging from 12.22 to 49.40 ppm. In two nephrite samples, relatively high ΣREE concentrations (161 and 190 ppm) are related to the presence of REE-bearing minerals. Whole-rock REE chondrite-normalized patterns of all samples are characterized by strong negative Eu anomalies (0.16–0.48), moderate light-REE enrichment (La/Nd_N = 1.8–5.0), and nearly flat heavy-REE distributions (Gd/Yb_N = 0.3–1.7). Nephrite samples from both river locations have δ¹⁸O and δD isotope compositions ranging from 1.1‰ to 5.6‰ and − 55.7‰ to − 72.4‰, respectively. These values are closer to those recorded in dolomite-related nephrites than those in serpentinite-related deposits. Importantly, δ¹⁸O and δD values correspond to fluid isotope compositions of δ¹⁸O = 1.6‰ to 6.1‰ (330 °C), 1.8‰ to 6.3‰ (350 °C), and 2.5‰ to 7.0‰ (430 °C), and δD = − 34.9‰ to − 52.5‰ (350 °C to 650 °C). These values are close to or within the field of magmatic water. Geochemical and petrographic characteristics point to a dolomite-related metamorphic/metasomatic origin for nephrite at both locations. The placer nephrite is likely to have been derived from primary nephrite deposits in the Kunlun Mountains around Hetian, based on the geological occurrence of the deposits.     

软玉中的一种绿色斑点——钙铝榴石

近年来我国软玉市场上见到一种比较罕见的局部带有翠绿色矿物的软玉,其矿物组成及绿色斑点还没有相关研究报道.本文应用高倍率光学显微镜观察到绿色矿物的晶形较完整并呈斑点状分布,再利用拉曼光谱仪和能量色散荧光光谱仪对样品及其绿色矿物进行无损分析.结果表明,该软玉样品主要矿物成分为透闪石,呈斑点状分布的绿色矿物为钙铝榴石,钙铝榴石的主要致色元素为Cr元素,因此含Cr绿色钙铝榴石是使玉石局部呈现绿色的原因之一,与青海翠青玉、碧玉的绿色成因有一定差异.绿色石榴石多出现于碧玉中,在其他品种的软玉中一般没有见到,本文研究的玉石中出现一定数量并有一定晶体形态的绿色钙铝榴石对研究该类玉石的产地及矿床成因具有重要意义.     

A soil moisture monitoring network to assess controls on runoff generation during atmospheric river events

Soil moisture is a key modifier of runoff generation from rainfall excess, including during extreme precipitation events associated with Atmospheric Rivers (ARs). This paper presents a new, publicly available dataset from a soil moisture monitoring network in Northern California's Russian River Basin, designed to assess soil moisture controls on runoff generation under AR conditions. The observations consist of 2-min volumetric soil moisture at 19 sites and 6 depths (5, 10, 15, 20, 50, and 100 cm), starting in summer 2017. The goals of this monitoring network are to aid the development of research applications and situational awareness tools for Forecast-Informed Reservoir Operations at Lake Mendocino. We present short analyses of these data to demonstrate their capability to characterize soil moisture responses to precipitation across sites and depths, including time series analysis, correlation analysis, and identification of soil saturation thresholds that induce runoff. Our results show strong inter-site Pearson's correlations (>0.8) at the seasonal timescale. Correlations are strong (>0.8) during events with high antecedent soil moisture and during drydown periods, and weak (<0.5) otherwise. High event runoff ratios are observed when antecedent soil moisture thresholds are exceeded, and when antecedent runoff is high. Although local heterogeneity in soil moisture can limit the utility of point source data in some hydrologic model applications, our analyses indicate three ways in which soil moisture data are valuable for model design: (1) sensors installed at 6 depths per location enable us to identify the soil depth below which evapotranspiration and saturation dynamics change, and therefore choose model soil layer depths, (2) time series analysis indicates the role of soil moisture processes in controlling runoff ratio during precipitation, which hydrologic models should replicate, and (3) spatial correlation analysis of the soil moisture fluctuations helps identify when and where distributed hydrologic modelling may be beneficial.     

Seismic detections of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor from the dense ChinArray

Chin Array is a dense portable broadband seismic network to cover the entire continental China, and the Phase I is deployed along the north-south seismic belt in southwest China. In this study, we analyze seismic data recorded on the Chin Array following the February 15,2013 Chelyabinsk(Russia) meteor. This was the largest known object entering the Earth's atmosphere since the1908 Tunguska meteor. The seismic energy radiated from this event was recorded by seismic stations worldwide including the dense Chin Array that are more than 4000 km away. The weak signal from the meteor event was contaminated by a magnitude 5.8 Tonga earthquake occurred *20 min earlier. To test the feasibility of detecting the weak seismic signals from the meteor event, we compute vespagram and perform F-K analysis to the surface-wave data. We identify a seismic phase with back azimuth(BAZ) of 329.7° and slowness of 34.73 s/deg, corresponding to the surface wave from the Russian meteor event(BAZ *325.97°). The surface magnitude(MS) of the meteor event is 3.94 ± 0.18. We also perform similar analysis on the data from the broadband array F-net in Japan, and find the BAZ of the surface waves to be316.61°. With the different BAZs of Chin Array and F-net,we locate the Russian meteor event at 58.80°N, 58.72°E.The relatively large mislocation(*438 km as compared with 55.15°N, 61.41°E by others) may be a result of thebending propagation path of surface waves, which deviates from the great circle path. Our results suggest that the dense Chin Array and its subarrays could be used to detect weak signals at teleseismic distances.     

中-东西伯利亚及俄罗斯远东地区构造和成矿作用的研究进展

俄罗斯地质学家在近20年来以岩石圈板块构造理论和地体分析方法,对中-东西伯利亚和俄罗斯远东地区构造和区域成矿作用的研究取得了一系列重要进展。这些进展集中体现在2个多国合作项目取得的成果和2部最新的科学专著中。作者重点介绍了中-东西伯利亚和俄罗斯远东地区区域构造演化、区域构造和区域成矿单元及一些重要金属矿床的基本特征,并对本区地质演化的某些重要问题（转换陆缘、蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山带等）做了讨论,以此向读者提供一个有关俄罗斯东部地区上述领域基本研究现状的梗概。     

和田软玉的化学成分和显微结构研究

采用场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）系统对产自新疆和田的软玉样品的主要矿物组成、化学成分、显微结构等进行了较详细的研究,并与产自中国青海、辽宁、河南及韩国的软玉样品进行了比较。结果表明,各产地软玉样品的矿物组成、化学成分和显微结构有一定的差异。和田软玉样品中含有镁质绿泥石,而辽宁软玉样品中含有较多的闪锌矿,青海软玉样品中有含Zr元素矿物的颗粒,河南软玉样品中有含La与Ce元素较高矿物的颗粒;对纯度较高的软玉样品,仅依靠主成分很难区分其产地,但依靠其微量元素成分却能起到较好的鉴别作用;和田软玉样品中透闪石的显微结构较致密,纤维尺寸要小于其它产地软玉样品的。以上信息对确定软玉的产地具有较好的参考意义。     

溧阳软玉的岩石矿物学研究

对采自江苏溧阳小梅岭软玉矿区的软玉样品进行了化学成分、扫描电镜、X射线粉晶衍射物相定性和结晶度等分析,确定其主要为透闪石矿物集合体,并具有显微纤维、柱状及片状3种特征结构.将分析结果与新疆软玉进行对比,发现溧阳软玉普遍显示出透闪石含量稍低、透闪石纤维(片晶)定向性良好以及结晶度偏高的特点,这与溧阳软玉矿区动力改造相对较弱密切相关;溧阳软玉显示出ALK含量(>0.51)高于新疆等其他产地(普遍<0.46)的特点,这与其成矿母岩含碱量偏高关系密切.成矿地质条件的不同是造成溧阳与新疆两地所产软玉在上述岩石矿物学特征上巨大差异的根本原因,也是造成溧阳软玉透明度高、油润度不足、工艺加工性能不高的主要原因.     

应用元素分析-电子顺磁共振能谱研究不同颜色青海软玉致色元素

颜色是软玉价值的重要体现,青海软玉颜色丰富,而致色方面的研究较为滞后。近年来青海软玉致色研究多为翠青玉和烟青玉,认为Cr~(3+)和Mn~(2+)分别为翠青玉和烟青玉致色元素。青海软玉的颜色非单一色彩,如青白色、翠绿色、灰紫色等,因此青海软玉致色应包含多种致色元素。本文在前人研究的基础上,利用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)、化学滴定法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电子顺磁共振能谱(EPR)测试数据,根据分析数据与色调变化之间的关系揭示了8种颜色青海软玉的致色元素。结果表明:白玉致色元素为Fe~(3+);青白玉和碧玉致色元素为Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+);青玉致色元素为Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)和高价态的Mn;翠青玉致色元素为Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Cr~(3+);黄玉和糖玉致色元素为Fe~(3+)和高价态的Mn;烟青玉致色元素为Fe~(3+)和Ti~(4+)。研究认为青海软玉中绿色调与Fe~(2+)有关,黄色调与Fe~(3+)和高价态的Mn有关,而蓝紫色调与Fe~(3+)和Ti~(4+)有关。本研究基本确定了不同颜色青海软玉的致色元素,为青海软玉致色机制的研究提供了理论依据。