四川软玉（透闪石玉）猫眼的矿物学研究

采用电子探针(EPMA)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、Raman光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)和偏光显微镜等方法对四川软玉(透闪石玉)猫眼进行了研究。结果表明，四川软玉猫眼主要由微晶一隐晶质透闪石矿物集合体组成；透闪石主要呈近于平行定向排列的显微纤维状，显微纤维变晶结构是软玉猫眼的主要结构，具有此结构的软玉能表现出良好的猫眼效应；透闪石纤维较粗、相互聚集形成束状或捆状结构时，猫眼的眼线比较分散，猫眼效应较差；透闪石纤维局部相互穿插绞合是软玉猫眼表现出高韧性和较强抗断裂性能的主要因素。     

Forging alliance with Russia: the example of a Green Investment Scheme

Russian Kyoto related interests are economic and after the US withdrawal the mission of Russian actors has been to find new demand for Russian credits and allowances. Kyoto related benefits to Russia will be significantly smaller than earlier expected, however, the revenues are now more likely to be focused on climate change mitigation purposes. Competition in the Kyoto market has established buyers’ market and Russia has to accommodate the interests of investors in order to gain benefits. The Russian initiative ‘Green Investment Scheme’ to recycle revenues from International Emissions Trading (IET) to further environmental activities would convene demand for Russian AAUs but experience the same problems than the previous initiatives: inadequate institutional arrangement, unclear division of responsibilities between domestic actors, prolonged ratification process and lack of eligibility strategy. These problems have prevented implementation of GIS so far. Therefore, these problems have to be addressed by high-level Russian policy-makers if serious benefits from Kyoto are sought. Actors building alliances with Russia should focus on assisting with solving these problems.     

Correlation and interpretation of paleosols and loess across European Russia and Asia over the last interglacial-glacial cycle

Loess-paleosol sequences of the last interglacial-glacial cycle are correlated from European Russia to central Siberia and the Chinese Loess Plateau. During cold periods represented by marine oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 2 and 4, loess deposition dominated in the Russian Plain and the Loess Plateau. In central Siberia, loess deposition took place also, but five to seven thin, weakly developed paleosols are identified in both stages. OIS 3, in the Chinese Loess Plateau near Yangchang, consists of a loess bed that is flanked by two weakly developed paleosols. At Kurtak, Siberia, OIS 3 is represented by two distinct, stacked paleosols with no loess bed separating the paleosols. In the Russian Plain, OIS 3 consists of a single, possibly welded paleosol, representing upper and lower stage-3 climates. Brunisols and Chernozems dominate the profiles in China and Siberia, whereas Regosols, Luvisols, and Chernozems are evident in the northern and southern Russian Plain, respectively. OIS 5 is represented in China and the Russian Plain by pedo complexes in a series of welded soils, whereas in contrast, the Kurtak site consists of six paleosols with interbedded loess. The paleosols consist largely of Brunisols and Chernozems. Although the three areas examined have different climates, geographical settings, and loess source areas, they all had similar climate changes during the last interglacial-glacial cycle.     

30-year response to damming of a Mediterranean river in California,USA

Dry Creek is a major tributary of the Russian River in Northern California (USA) that has experienced hydrologic and morphologic alterations after the closure of Warm Springs Dam in 1983. Our objective is to present a detailed diagnosis of the modification of the creek’s flow and sediment regimes, and interpret the alterations regarding the ecomorphologic evolution previously observed in the creek. Statistical analysis of the river’s flow and sediment series indicates that dam operation has had significant impacts on the magnitude and frequency of occurrence of the highest floods, and the magnitude, variability, and duration of low and very low flows. Similarly, sediment concentration and discharge have also experienced major alterations. Loss of habitat complexity for native flora and fauna (especially endangered salmonids), channel incision, and vegetation encroachment are some of the negative trends found for the creek over the last 30 years, since river regulation began. We discuss the present dynamics of the river and propose, on that basis, the improvement of its hydromorphic functioning as part of future large-scale restoration initiatives.     

青海软玉水线的物相分析和微观形貌研究

通过对青海软玉与其中的水线进行X粉晶衍射（XRD）、显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）分析结果表明：青海软玉中水线的主要矿物成分与主体是一致的,均为透闪石,且含量更高、结晶度更好。显微镜和扫描电镜下观察水线与主体部分呈突变接触,水线中的透闪石晶体为细长纤维状,具有明显的定向性。较高的透闪石含量和定向紧密排列的显微纤维构造是造成水线透明度较高的主要原因,同时这种结构还使其韧性降低。     

Late Jurassic (Tithonian) radiolarians from a clastic unit of the Khabarovsk complex (Russian Far East): Significance for subduction accretion timing and terrane correlation

A well-preserved radiolarian fauna from a clastic unit of the Khabarovsk accretionary complex (southern part of the Badzhal accretionary wedge terrane in the Russian Far East) is assigned to the basal part of the Pseudodictyomitra carpatica zone. The age of the fauna is most likely late Tithonian. This is the first reliable dating of the clastic unit and makes it possible to constrain the timing of subduction accretion in the Badzhal terrane. The Khabarovsk complex is correlated chronologically with the Bikin and Samarka terranes (Russian Far East), Mino, Southern Chichibu and North Kitakami terranes (Japan), and Nadanhada terrane (northeast China).     

基于太赫兹时域光谱技术的白色软玉产地鉴定研究

不同产地的白色软玉组成矿物成分和结构构造十分相近,但价值差异很大。太赫兹(terahertz,THz)时域光谱技术可以提供物质的化学组成、结构及构像等信息,光谱指纹特征信息可用于物质鉴别。利用透射式太赫兹时域光谱技术分别对新疆、韩国、青海和俄罗斯这4个产地的白色软玉进行了测试,将得到的时域光谱进行快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)和计算后使用Savitzky-Golay(S-G)平滑处理进行降噪,得到4个产地白色软玉的0. 2～2. 5 THz频域内折射率和吸收系数。研究表明,4个产地白色软玉THz光谱折射率存在数值差异;不同产地太赫兹特征吸收峰的存在形式不同,新疆、青海的白色软玉在2. 0 THz波段有1个突出的小型特征吸收峰,而韩国和俄罗斯的白色软玉在1. 5～2. 0 THz波段有1个宽大的吸收包络。这些结果为进一步开发基于太赫兹时域光谱技术的白色软玉产地识别方法提供了基础数据。     

Noble metal mineralization in carbonaceous rocks: A synthesis of data on the Russian Far East

The relationship between noble metal mineralization and carbonaceous rocks (black shales and brown coals) is considered. We have confirmed the previous conclusions of multistage syn- and epimetamorphic formation of gold-bearing deposits in black shales and syn- and epigenetic accumulation of noble metals in brown coals. The gold and PGE in the brown coals of the Verkhnii Amur region and Primorye were presumably derived by disintegration of adjacent ore sources in the Cenozoic. Addition studies and sampling are required at the coal and graphite objects of the Russian Far East to solve this problem.     

一种新发现软玉的宝石学特征研究

根据常规宝石常数的测定,X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针及激光烧蚀等离子发射光谱与质谱仪(LA-ICPMS)等仪器的测试,首次报道了中国贵州一个新发现软玉玉料的宝石学特征。该玉料颜色以瓷白色-灰白色为主,比常见软玉的透明度稍低,矿物结构以细长叶片状交错结构和纤维变斑交织结构为主,摩氏硬度约为5.8,折射率1.600～1.608,相对密度2.88,抗压强度为357.40～446.75 MPa,稍低于软玉的标准数据。分析结果显示,其矿物成分以透闪石为主,含有透辉石、方解石、钠长石(？)和石英矿物包体,透闪石的晶体化学式为(Cr_0.02Al_0.03Fe_0.03Mg_4.94)(Na_0.02K_0.01Ca_1.98)(Si_4.25O₁₁)₂(OH)₂,主量元素富硅,不含钛,玉料稀土元素含量较高,轻重稀土元素分异明显,La_N/Yb_N为30～60,重稀土元素亏损,具Eu、Ce负异常,稀土元素配分模式为较陡的右倾斜型,和国内目前已经发现的其他产地软玉相比具有独特性,是一种新的软玉质材料。     

台湾花莲软玉的组构及振动光谱特征

以台湾花莲地区所产的绿色软玉为研究对象,利用电子探针(EPMA)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、激光拉曼光谱(RAMAN)等分析测试方法,对绿色软玉的物相、组构及振动光谱特征进行了研究。结果表明,该绿色软玉的主要矿物成分为透闪石,含少量的铬铁矿以及含Cr 钙铝榴石。软玉以纤维交织变晶结构为主,部分透闪石纤维体沿其片理方向定向排列,偶见铬铁矿骸晶及交代假像结构。对花莲绿色软玉的红外吸收光谱及拉曼光谱进行了表征,并对其振动光谱的归属作了探讨。