MODIS和GLOBCOVER全球土地覆盖数据集对比分析——以黑龙江流域为例

 随着全球气候变化的日益加剧,全球变化研究对全球土地覆盖数据的需要也越来越迫切。目前全球土地覆盖数据产品主要包括由欧洲和美国生产的5类数据产品,其中,美国波士顿大学生产的全球土地覆盖数据产品(即MODIS数据集)和欧洲空间局通过全球合作生产的全球土地覆盖数据产品(即Globcover数据集)具有较好的实效性,应用越来越广泛。由于数据来源、分类系统和分类方法不同,两个数据集在土地覆盖类型的数量和空间分布上有明显的差异。本研究从数据使用者的角度,对比了MODIS和Globcover数据集在黑龙江流域上数量和空间分布的差异,并采用LANDSAT TM/ETM+影像随机采样和野外照片验证两种方式对两个数据集的分类精度进行了验证。结果表明,在黑龙江流域,两个数据集数量和空间分布差异较大。在数量上,两个数据集一级土地覆盖类型均以森林和农田为主,草地次之,但二级土地覆盖类型差异较大。在空间上,二级类空间一致性区域和一级类空间一致性的区域分别仅占流域的22.5%和53.6%。两个数据集精度均不高,一级土地覆盖类型精度约为60%,Globcover数据较MODIS数据破碎化明显,整体精度略低于MODIS数据集,不同的二级土地覆盖类型精度不同。考虑到黑龙江流域的代表性,我们认为Globcover数据集和MODIS数据集可满足较低要求的土地覆盖分析需求。本研究为全球气候变化研究选择合适的数据集提供了基础。     

计算机等级考试中的关联规则挖掘

讨论了数据挖掘技术在计算机等级考试评分系统中的应用。利用关联规则技术对考生的得分情况进行分析,得出各类题型之间的关联性。所得结论对提高考生的过级率以及教师后继教学工作的开展均具有一定的指导性。     

中国海洋经济转型成效时空格局演变研究

基于海洋经济转型的内涵,构建包括6个分维度在内的中国海洋经济转型成效测度指标体系,利用粗糙集和灰理论组合赋权综合评价法,对2001-2011年中国海洋经济转型成效进行测度研究,并利用核密度估计及GIS空间分析技术对结果进行时空格局演变分析,结论如下：① 从全国层面来看,2001-2010年中国海洋经济转型整体集中在中低值区域,2010年以来,各区域转型均取得明显成效,海洋经济转型差距逐渐缩小,但整体差距仍然存在。② 从6 个分维度层面来看,海洋经济发展度稳步提高,但空间格局没有显著变化;海洋经济转型度、发展条件支撑度、资源集约利用度、生态环境响应度在空间上呈正向变化趋势,转型成效较为明显;海洋产业就业度呈反向变化趋势,说明转型对海洋产业就业存在挤出效应,对海洋产业就业产生重要影响。③ 中国海洋经济转型的时空格局演变是多种因素综合作用的结果,主要包括资源禀赋、区位条件、产业基础及腹地经济差异等。未来影响各省份海洋经济转型的主要因素包括国家政策、科技水平、海洋管理体制等。     

Overcoming Squeezing in the Yacambú-Quibor Tunnel,Venezuela

Summary  The 5 m diameter 23.3 km long Yacambú-Quibor tunnel is designed to carry water through the Andes from the Yacambú dam in the wet tropical Orinoco basin to the semi-arid but fertile Quibor basin in western Venezuela. The tunnel is excavated in silicified and graphitic phyllites at depths of up to 1270 m below surface and extreme squeezing problems have been encountered. Construction involved 8 contracts extending over 32 years with breakthrough being achieved in July 2008. Several excavation methods and various lining designs were used over the years until the adoption of yielding support permitted the Owner and the Contractor to agree that only a circular section would be used and emphasis was placed on developing a routine construction procedure, irrespective of the rock conditions encountered at the face. This paper describes some of the rock engineering issues that were faced during the construction of this tunnel. Correspondence: E. Hoek, Consulting Engineer, Vancouver, Canada     

多煤层小断层特征差异性分析

以多煤层区采掘资料为依据，通过对不同煤层间小断层特征的比较研究，论证了煤岩层岩性、厚度及组合在煤层小断层发育中的作用，提出了“岩层力学性质”的概念，对多煤层开采矿井中小断层的研究和预测有一定的指导意义。     

关于L—Fuzzy子群

本文利用模型子群概念，引入了Ｌ－Ｆｕｚｚｙ子群概念。基于模糊集合的层次结构特征，得到Ｌ－Ｆｕｚｚｙ了群若干重要性质；给出并证明Ｌ－Ｆｕｚｚｙ子群的一系列等价刻划；文章最后讨论Ｌ－Ｆｕｚｚｙ子群同态性质 。     

An analysis of phytolith assemblages for the quantitativereconstruction of late Quaternary environments of the Lower Taieri Plain,Otago, South Island, New Zealand I. Modern assemblages and transferfunctions

An analysis of modern phytolith assemblages is presented.Phytolith assemblages were studied in modern surface soils and sediments of 28sites from east Otago, New Zealand, within a range of vegetation types andmicroclimates. No simple distinction could be made between vegetation types onthe basis of phytolith assemblage composition. A Principal Components Analysis(PCA) of the phytolith data set revealed that festucoid, chloridoid andspherical phytolith morphotypes formed strong associations with sites fromwetland, grassland, and forest vegetation types, respectively. Moreimportantly, a comparison of sample replicates from each field site using Squared ChordDistance (SCD) assemblage analysis showed that wetland and grassland sitestended to produce more internally consistent phytolith assemblages than forestsites. Environmental variables including pH, conductivity, altitude,precipitation and temperature were also gathered for each site. The ability ofeach environmental variable to reflect variance in the entire phytolithdata set was estimated by a series of Redundancy Analyses (RDA) with MonteCarlo permutation tests of statistical significance. After a forward selectionprocess, transfer functions were generated using Partial Least Squares (PLS)regression and calibration with jack-knife validation. The final transferfunctions have root mean squared errors of prediction for pH (0.47), logconductivity (0.38 S cm), average annual precipitation (63mm), and average annual (0.28 °C), spring (0.38 °C) andautumn temperature (0.41 °C); the smallest group of environmental variablesexplaining the most variance in the modern phytolith data set. The most usefultransfer functions for application to fossil phytolith data andpaleoenvironmental interpretation are pH, log conductivity and annualprecipitation. The relationship between changes in pH and annual precipitationand phytolith assemblage composition found in this study presents aprima facie relationship with the potential to providedirect proxies for soil weathering and indirectly for paleoenvironmentalreconstruction.     

模糊城市系统遥感信息指标的提取方法

利用遥感的手段来研究城市现象是一种快速有效的方法，一般来说使用这种方法首先需要从遥感图像中提取一些定量描述城市的统计指标。本文根据EJ．Heikkila对模糊城市系统理论的描述，首先分析了提取描述该模糊城市系统的指标困难之所在，然后提出一种基于数学形态学的逐步侵蚀算法，来解决模糊城市系统中遥感图像在像素级精度中“城市用地”概念难于理解和计算的问题，并在VCA．0 下编程实现了这种算法，提取出了描述模糊城市的三个遥感信息指标。     

A two-dimensional fuzzy random model of soil pore structure

A new conceptual model for soil poresolid structure is formalized. Soil poresolid structure is proposed to comprise spatially abutting elements each with a value which is its membership to the fuzzy set “pore, ” termed porosity. These values have a range between zero (all solid) and unity (all pore). Images are used to represent structures in which the elements are pixels and the value of each is a porosity. Twodimensional random fields are generated by allocating each pixel a porosity by independently sampling a statistical distribution. These random fields are reorganized into other poresolid structural types by selecting parent points which have a specified local region of influence. Pixels of larger or smaller porosity are aggregated about the parent points and within the region of interest by controlled swapping of pixels in the image. This creates local regions of homogeneity within the random field. This is similar to the process known as simulated annealing. The resulting structures are characterized using one and twodimensional variograms and functions describing their connectivity. A variety of examples of structures created by the model is presented and compared. Extension to three dimensions presents no theoretical difficulties and is currently under development.     

Imprecise (fuzzy) information in geostatistics

A methodology based on fuzzy set theory for the utilization of imprecise data in geostatistics is presented. A common problem preventing a broader use of geostatistics has been the insufficient amount of accurate measurement data. In certain cases, additional but uncertain (soft) information is available and can be encoded as subjective probabilities, and then the soft kriging method can be applied (Journel, 1986). In other cases, a fuzzy encoding of soft information may be more realistic and simplify the numerical calculations. Imprecise (fuzzy) spatial information on the possible variogram is integrated into a single variogram which is used in a fuzzy kriging procedure. The overall uncertainty of prediction is represented by the estimation variance and the calculated membership function for each kriged point. The methodology is applied to the permeability prediction of a soil liner for hazardous waste containment. The available number of hard measurement data (20) was not enough for a classical geostatistical analysis. An additional 20 soft data made it possible to prepare kriged contour maps using the fuzzy geostatistical procedure.This paper was presented at MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 14 April 1987.