裂隙岩体损伤锚柱单元支护模型及其应用

考虑断续裂隙岩体加锚,提出一种损伤锚柱单元支护模型,并将该模型应用于三峡船闸高边坡,获得了较为满意的计算结果。     

Nonlinear ray perturbation theory with its applications to ray tracing and inversion in anisotropic media

A comprehensive approach, based on the general nonlinear ray perturbation theory (Druzhinin, 1991), is proposed for both a fast and accurate uniform asymptotic solution of forward and inverse kinematic problems in anisotropic media. It has been developed to modify the standard ray linearization procedures when they become inconsistent, by providing a predictable truncation error of ray perturbation series. The theoretical background consists in a set of recurrent expressions for the perturbations of all orders for calculating approximately the body wave phase and group velocities, polarization, travel times, ray trajectories, paraxial rays and also the slowness vectors or reflected/transmitted waves in terms of elastic tensor perturbations. We assume that any elastic medium can be used as an unperturbed medium. A total 2-D numerical testing of these expressions has been established within the transverse isotropy to verify the accuracy and convergence of perturbation series when the elastic constants are perturbed. Seismological applications to determine crack-induced anisotropy parameters on VSP travel times for the different wave types in homogeneous and horizontally layered, transversally isotropic and orthorhombic structures are also presented. A number of numerical tests shows that this method is in general stable with respect to the choice of the reference model and the errors in the input data. A proof of uniqueness is provided by an interactive analysis of the sensitivity functions, which are also used for choosing optimum source/receiver locations. Finally, software has been developed for a desktop computer and applied to interpreting specific real VSP observations as well as explaining the results of physical modelling for a 3-D crack model with the estimation of crack parameters.     

Calculation of elastic properties in lower part of the Kola borehole from bulk chemical compositions of core samples

In-situ elastic properties in deep boreholes are controlled by several factors, mainly by lithology, petrofabric, fluid-filled cracks and pores. In order to separate the effects of different factors it is useful to extract lithology-controlled part from observedin-situ velocities. For that purpose we calculated mineralogical composition and isotropic crack-free elastic properties in the lower part of the Kola borehole from bulk chemical compositions of core samples. We use a new technique of petrophysical modeling based on thermodynamic approach. The reasonable accuracy of the modeling is confirmed by comparison with the observations of mineralogical composition and laboratory measurements of density and elastic wave velocities in upper crustal crystalline rocks at high confining pressure. Calculations were carried out for 896 core samples from the depth segment of 6840–10535m. Using these results we estimate density and crack-free isotropic elastic properties of 554 lithology-defined layers composing this depth segment. Average synthetic P- wave velocity appears to be 2.7% higher than the velocity from Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP), and 5% higher than sonic log velocity. Average synthetic S-wave velocity is 1.4 % higher than that from VSP. These differences can be explained by superposition of effects of fabric-related anisotropy, cracks aligned parallel to the foliation plain, and randomly oriented cracks, with the effect of cracks being the predominant control. Low sonic log velocities are likely caused by drilling-induced cracking (hydrofractures) in the borehole walls. The calculated synthetic density and velocity cross-sections can be used for much more detailed interpretations, for which, however, new, more detailed and reliable seismic data are required.     

缝洞型油藏连通单元地质建模研究——以哈拉哈塘油田为例

针对哈拉哈塘油田奥陶系裂缝孔洞型储层连通单元井组注水效果差异性很大的问题,开展缝洞单元连通井组地质建模研究。哈拉哈塘油田储集空间岩溶洞穴、孔洞、裂缝非常发育,类型形态多变,具有极强的非均质性,储层空间缝洞体识别及连通方式预测与定量评价难度大。本文首先利用地震识别的大型溶洞和蚂蚁体追踪的大尺度裂缝分布,通过确定性建模方法,建立离散大型溶洞模型和离散大尺度裂缝模型;然后在储层的波阻抗数据体和缝洞体储层构造模型的空间约束下,建立缝洞体连通单元的储层孔隙度模型,储层渗透率模型主要通过线性回归建立基质孔隙度、裂缝参数与渗透率关系,结合动态数值试井对静态回归计算的渗透率数值进行修正;最后利用曲率属性形象表征微裂缝,采用多属性协同模拟方法,建立多尺度离散缝洞储集体三维地质属性模型。该方法定量刻画了缝洞储集体在三维空间的展布特征,很好地表征了单元连通井组连通方式,为单元连通井组开发奠定了坚实的地质基础。     

半无限横观各向同性介质中多裂纹相互作用分析

为评估含矩形裂纹的半无限横观各向同性介质的局部强度和稳定性,采用基于双横观各向同性材料基本解的对偶边界元数值方法,分析了在沿裂纹面法向和切向均布力分别作用下矩形裂纹的应力强度因子及两个共面或平行的矩形裂纹的相互作用问题。通过数值计算考察了自由面对应力强度因子值的影响,以及裂纹间距、边长比及自由面对共面或平行双裂纹相互作用效应的影响。结果表明,自由面的存在引起该类裂纹应力强度因子值大于无限域情况;裂纹形状和裂纹间距对共面或平行双裂纹相互作用效应均有较明显的影响,但自由面对共面或平行双裂纹的相互作用效应均影响较小。     

Multiple-entity based classification of airborne laser scanning data in urban areas

There are two main challenges when it comes to classifying airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. The first challenge is to find suitable attributes to distinguish classes of interest. The second is to define proper entities to calculate the attributes. In most cases, efforts are made to find suitable attributes and less attention is paid to defining an entity. It is our hypothesis that, with the same defined attributes and classifier, accuracy will improve if multiple entities are used for classification. To verify this hypothesis, we propose a multiple-entity based classification method to classify seven classes: ground, water, vegetation, roof, wall, roof element, and undefined object. We also compared the performance of the multiple-entity based method to the single-entity based method.Features have been extracted, in most previous work, from a single entity in ALS data; either from a point or from grouped points. In our method, we extract features from three different entities: points, planar segments, and segments derived by mean shift. Features extracted from these entities are inputted into a four-step classification strategy. After ALS data are filtered into ground and non-ground points. Features generalised from planar segments are used to classify points into the following: water, ground, roof, vegetation, and undefined objects. This is followed by point-wise identification of the walls and roof elements using the contextual information of a building. During the contextual reasoning, the portion of the vegetation extending above the roofs is classified as a roof element. This portion of points is eventually re-segmented by the mean shift method and then reclassified.Five supervised classifiers are applied to classify the features extracted from planar segments and mean shift segments. The experiments demonstrate that a multiple-entity strategy achieves slightly higher overall accuracy and achieves much higher accuracy for vegetation, in comparison to the single-entity strategy (using only point features and planar segment features). Although the multiple-entity method obtains nearly the same overall accuracy as the planar-segment method, the accuracy of vegetation improves by 3.3% with the rule-based classifier. The multiple-entity method obtains much higher overall accuracy and higher accuracy in vegetation in comparison to using only the point-wise classification method for all five classifiers.Meanwhile, we compared the performances of five classifiers. The rule-based method provides the highest overall accuracy at 97.0%. The rule-based method provides over 99.0% accuracy for the ground and roof classes, and a minimum accuracy of 90.0% for the water, vegetation, wall and undefined object classes. Notably, the accuracy of the roof element class is only 70% with the rule-based method, or even lower with other classifiers. Most roof elements have been assigned to the roof class, as shown in the confusion matrix. These erroneous assignments are not fatal errors because both a roof and a roof element are part of a building. In addition, a new feature which indicates the average point space within the planar segment is generalised to distinguish vegetation from other classes. Its performance is compared to the percentage of points with multiple pulse count in planar segments. Using the feature computed with only average point space, the detection rate of vegetation in a rule-based classifier is 85.5%, which is 6% lower than that with pulse count information.     

程潮铁矿地下开采引起岩层移动机制初探

在对矿区地质条件、采矿情况以及监测资料分析的基础上,提出了悬臂梁的力学模型。该悬臂梁是由NWW向节理切割下盘的花岗岩岩体而产生。地下采矿引起的岩层移动分为两个阶段,筒状破坏延伸到地表之前为第1阶段;筒状破坏延伸到地表后,则进入第2阶段。筒状破坏延伸到地表使水平构造应力释放,悬臂梁受力发生变化,而发生弯曲折裂变形和破坏,从而形成了深部岩体破坏的4个区:破裂岩体区、破裂过渡带、变形区和未扰动岩体区。通过对矿区地表测点所测数据进行分析,结合上述岩层移动机制和裂缝产生过程,将变形区域划分为:变形累积区、裂缝产生区、裂缝扩展区和裂缝闭合区。随着采矿的进行,深部岩体4区将逐渐向下延伸,地表4区将逐渐向外扩展。