S波分裂在地震预报中应用的讨论

本文综述S波分裂研究的现状、基本原理与方法及其在地震预报中的应用。在此基础上,提出了可能的研究方向和存在的问题。主要是提出了一种按射线路径方位扫描的方法。     

某电站尾调室顶拱喷层平行轴向开裂缝原因分析探讨

根据素描及实际开挖揭露地质情况,对尾调室工程地质概况、开挖揭示的地质条件、主要工程地质问题以及尾调室顶拱喷层裂缝的情况进行了介绍; 从施工因素、地质因素、地应力因素、温度因素、松弛圈因素、喷护接缝、受力不均等方面对顶拱平行轴向开裂缝原因进行了分析探讨,认为结构面因素和地应力因素是主要原因,爆破扰动及支护不及时为诱因,围岩破坏为应力控制型破坏和块体控制型破坏相结合。     

基于逾渗模型的盐岩损伤与破坏研究

逾渗是一种分形模型,利用声发射点定位盐岩内部破坏网格来建立逾渗模型,可以分析三轴压缩条件下盐岩逾渗特征以及损伤演变发展。研究发现,各试样逾渗模型团簇(cluster)数与最大团簇占有率关系曲线斜率在70%应力峰值后基本相等,利用最大团簇沿试样轴向的延伸来描述裂缝的扩展规律,并通过最大团簇在轴向的延伸终点得到了各试样逾渗的临界破坏比率,它对于研究渗透陡增点非常重要。提出利用逾渗关联长度(关联长度?代表处于同一团簇中的两个点的平均距离)确定试样损伤起始点,并通过计算逾渗模型破坏比率得到损伤变量,它和基于AE振铃计数以及AE能量计算得到的损伤变量结果相近。研究结果表明,逾渗可以形象地表述岩石内部破裂过程和损伤情况,为研究岩石破坏失效及裂缝衍生发展提供了新的思路。     

岩层阻水性能与其结构成分、组合形式的关系

根据室内水力压裂试验的结果,通过分析裂痕端部应力强度因子的变化情况,研究了不同结构成分岩层的各自阻抗水压致裂的能力,分析了岩性变化、交界面性质对水压致裂裂隙扩展的影响,提出了阻抗水压致裂裂隙扩展和防止承压水导升的较优岩层组合形式。     

水晶中裂隙成因及其鉴定意义

从结晶学入手,分析了天然水晶中愈合裂隙的成因和合成水晶形成愈合裂隙的可能性,比较了天然水晶和合成水晶裂隙的特征,认为愈合裂隙可以作为天然水晶鉴定的标志型特征。     

支承压力显现的动态规律与来压预报方法

本文以DKJ-1型矿压计算机监测系统在两个矿的顶板来压监测和预报实际资料为依据,深入分析了8个月,13次来压的支承压力显现规律,并将显现形式分为压缩反弹型和波动型两种类型,总结了显现的特征参数及与来压的时间差和位置差。文章介绍了计算机监测系统识别来压前兆的方法及准确预报13次来压的良好效果。     

Texture, mineralogy, and rock strength in horizontal stress-related coal mine roof falls

Geologic structures can represent planes of preferential weakness that, by dismembering the roof beam, may contribute to the failure of roof spans. However, beam deflection and roof failure also occur in rocks where no visible geologic discontinuities are present. This suggests that roof failure may depend on rock strength, which in turn depends on intrinsic textural properties inherent to the rock. In this study, rock samples were collected from horizontal stress-related roof fall material in coal mines for petrographic characterization and compressive strength testing. Brittle, stress failure-prone rock types include thinly interlaminated siltstone and shale, and black shale that had been lightly recrystallized. Samples exhibit a narrow range of density values between approximately 2.5–3.0 g/cm³ but exhibit a wide range of unconfined compressive strength values, between approximately 20–70 MPa. Results of laboratory observations suggest that for samples of coal mine immediate roof shale, compressive strength is not well correlated with density, grain size, sutured grain boundaries, or quartz content. These results for shale are generally at odds with the results of similar studies for sandstone. The great variability of strength, texture, and mineralogy documented in these samples may be an indication of their complexity and the need for specialized methodology in the study of shale strength.     

Origin and post-glacial evolution of surface cracks: A case study from the area of the Last Glaciation,north-eastern Poland

The analysis of LiDAR-based digital elevation models revealed the existence of groups of longitudinal fractures in the ground in northern Poland at the limit of the ice sheet's extent during its last maximum. Our research on the closed elongated depressions (CEDs) of the Jedwabno test field (Szuć site, north-east Poland) focuses on explaining their origins and their post-glacial history. This region was covered by an ice sheet and glacitectonically active during the Vistulian, and at least some surface fractures are possible witnesses to this activity. Using geomorphological mapping, sedimentological and geophysical research, we assumed it was related that the origin of these features here is associated with groundwater migration at the end of the Vistulian glaciation or later when groundwater flow intensified due to a rapid climate warming that caused permafrost to melt. The thawing of permafrost caused to transition from continuous permafrost to discontinuous, which in turn created groundwater flow that was probably responsible for the development of the surface cracks (fractures). Radiocarbon, palaeobiological (pollen, Cladocera) and geochemical studies allowed for an estimation of the formation time of these unique surface cracks in the Older Dryas. Prevailing conditions were also reconstructed for the later dynamic changes of the end of the Late Vistulian glaciation and in the Late Holocene until the Subatlantic Period (Megalayan stage). The surface cracks with steep slopes, despite their small area, are extraordinary sedimentation traps that have, in a special way, retained an almost complete record of the environmental and climate changes of the Late Glacial. There are sedimentological gaps in the Holocene, especially after the Preboreal (old part of the Greenlandian Stage), caused by changes in water levels, aeolian processes and human activity.     

山东灵山岛莱阳群水下非构造裂缝特征及意义

收缩裂缝在前寒武纪到显生宙各个地质时代都有发现,其成因一直存在争议。作者在灵山岛莱阳群泥岩和砂岩中都发现了大量的非构造裂缝,除了收缩裂缝外还有应力脆性裂缝和混合裂缝。这些裂缝通常在单层内发育,极少量延伸到邻层,具有多形态、多尺度、多充填方式、多期次和多级别的特征,与干燥泥裂和后期构造裂缝区别明显,结合地层中无暴露标志,认为是在水下环境形成。总结水下裂缝的关键特征并对比Pratt提出的地震收缩裂缝特征,推测灵山岛裂缝亦是地震触发而形成。灵山岛已经识别出了大量地震成因的软沉积变形构造,证明当时本区域地震活动频繁,具有裂缝地震成因的要素。前人总结收缩裂缝特点发现裂陷盆地明显多于被动大陆边缘挤压盆地,作者认为收缩裂缝在裂陷盆地拉张环境下容易形成和保存。灵山岛裂缝解释为水下环境地震成因具有更多的地质意义:可以解决沉积时水体深度问题;记录了古地震能量与频次,有效反映古地震的节律;是灵山岛莱阳群属于裂陷盆地沉积的有利证据。     

采场工作面顶板突水的渗流场分析

应用东北大学岩石破裂与失稳研究中心(CRISR)自主开发的F-RFPA2D渗流与应力耦合分析系统,对煤层顶板随着开采的逐步进行,采动裂隙逐渐向上发展并最终与含水层连通,进而发生顶板突水的全过程进行了数值模拟,直观地显示了煤层顶板的变形、破坏过程以及渗流场在整个岩体的运移过程及其突水前后渗流场的变化情况,从而较好地揭示了顶板突水过程。