前寒武纪地质学研究进展与前景

前寒武纪地质学是地质科学重要分支学科之一,以地球早期演化历史为主要研究对象。近几年我国前寒武纪地层学、前寒武纪构造演化、前寒武纪古生物学和前寒武纪成矿作用等方面的研究取得重要进展。在高精度微区测年技术的支持下,相继建立了鞍山、泰山和五台山等早前寒武纪经典地区的年代格架,推动了华北克拉通早前寒武纪构造格架的研究;中国晚前...     

扬子克拉通西缘1.73Ga非造山型花岗斑岩的发现及其地质意义

首次发现扬子克拉通西缘古元古代晚期海孜斜长花岗斑岩岩体.本文报道了其锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄,为1730±15Ma(MSWD=4.0,n=15).岩石具有高SiO2(69.77％～73.83％)、高碱(ALK=5.46～6.65)、低钾(K2O/Na2O=0.02～0.14)含量.里特曼指数1.04～1.65,A/CNK值为1.11～1.25,平均值为1.18(＞1.1),10000 Ga/Al=3.96～7.34(均值为5.18＞2.6),较高的含铁指数[FeO/(FeO+MgO) =0.95～0.99],总体显示了低钾钙碱性过铝质(SP)铁质A型花岗岩的特点.岩石富集Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf等高场强元素,强烈亏损K、Sr和Ba等大离子亲石元素,稀土元素总量∑REE=390.70×10-6～674.91×10-6,LREE/HREE=1.74～3.29(均值2.18),轻稀土分异作用明显,相对富集,表现出强烈的负Eu异常.地球化学特征显示,海孜花岗斑岩岩体为形成于板内伸展构造环境,可能与同期基性岩浆活动的底侵作用相关.海孜花岗岩的年龄和地球化学表明,扬子克拉通西缘存在古元古代晚期与全球性Columbia超级大陆裂解同期的双峰式岩浆岩组合.     

Structure and age of the northern Leeuwin Complex,Western Australia: Constraints from field mapping and U–Pb isotopic analysis

Rocks in the northern Leeuwin Complex of southwestern Australia preserve evidence of having formed during the breakup of Rodinia and the subsequent amalgamation of Gondwana. Detailed field mapping, structural investigation and U–Pb isotopic zircon analysis, using the Sensitive High‐mass Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP), have revealed that: (i) protoliths of pink granite gneiss and grey granodiorite gneiss crystallised at ca 750 Ma, coeval with breakup of western Rodinia; (ii) granulite/upper amphibolite facies metamorphism occurred at 522 ± 5 Ma, in the Early Cambrian, ～100 million years later than previous estimates and of identical age to estimates of the final amalgamation of Gondwana; and (iii) three major phases of ductile deformation occurred during or after this metamorphism and represent a progressive strain evolution from subvertical shortening (D1) to subhorizontal east‐west (D2) then north‐northwest‐south‐southeast (D3) contraction.     

Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Tarim Craton: Constrained by zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopes of meta-igneous rocks from Korla and Dunhuang

The Tarim Craton is one of three large cratons in China. Presently, there is only scant information concerning its crustal evolutionary history because most of the existing geochronological studies have lacked a combined isotopic analysis, especially an in situ Lu–Hf isotope analysis of zircon. In this study, Precambrian basement rocks from the Kuluketage and Dunhuang Blocks in the northeastern portion of the Tarim Craton have been analyzed for combined in situ laser ablation ICP-(MC)-MS zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic analyses, as well as whole rock elements, to constrain their protoliths, forming ages and magma sources. Two magmatic events from the Kuluketage Block at ∼2.4 Ga and ∼1.85 Ga are revealed, and three stages of magmatic events are detected in the Dunhuang Block, i.e., ∼2.0 Ga, ∼1.85 Ga and ∼1.75 Ga. The ∼1.85 Ga magmatic rocks from both areas were derived from an isotopically similar crustal source under the same tectonic settings, suggesting that the Kuluketage and Dunhuang Blocks are part of the uniform Precambrian basement of the Tarim Craton. Zircon Hf model ages of the ∼2.4 Ga magmatism indicate that the crust of the Tarim Craton may have been formed as early as the Paleoarchean period. The ∼2.0 Ga mafic rock from the Dunhuang Block was formed in an active continental margin setting, representing an important crustal growth event of the Tarim Craton in the mid-Paleoproterozoic that coincides with the global episode of crust formation during the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent. The ∼1.85 Ga event in the Kuluketage and Dunhuang Blocks primarily involved the reworking of the old crust and most likely related to the collisional event associated with the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent, while the ∼1.75 Ga magmatism in the Dunhuang Block resulted from a mixture of the reworked Archean crust with juvenile magmas and was most likely related to a post-collisional episode.     

华北克拉通南缘潘河~1.5Ga正长岩的厘定及其构造意义

华北克拉通是否曾是Columbia超大陆的组成部分并具有一致的裂解过程一直存在争议,而已知的中元古代非造山岩浆组合集中分布于华北克拉通北缘是引起有关裂解过程争论的重要原因。作者近来在华北克拉通南缘,河南省卢氏县潘河地区,厘定了一组中元古代走向近东西的正长岩脉群。正长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为1469±8Ma(MSWD=1.4)。岩石类型主要为黑云母正长岩,局部有少量霞石正长岩。岩体的SiO2变化于51.3%～65.7%之间,碱含量较高,K2O+Na2O总量8.32%～13.0%,铝含量较高(Al2O3=18.7%～20.0%),为碱性过铝质岩类。岩体轻重稀土分馏较为显著(La/Yb)N=14.5～34.5,具有显著的Eu负异常(δEu=0.2～0.3),强烈富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素和Nb、Ta、Nd、Tb等高场强元素,而Sr、Ti、P、Eu等元素显著亏损。岩石εHf(t)=-14.79～+8.16,Hf模式年龄为2.93～1.74Ga,指示成岩物质主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融并有地壳物质的加入。岩体形成于板内伸展构造环境,这表明华北克拉通的南缘也同时记录了华北克拉通曾经在中元古代发生过大规模的伸展作用,其伸展过程可能与Columbia超大陆的裂解有关。     

Sequence Stratigraphy and Evolution of the Neoproterozoic Marginal Basins Along Southeastern Yangtze Craton, South China

Four sequence sets have been recognized in the Neoproterozoic basins along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Craton, South China. The first sequence set consists of the Baizhu and Hetong Formations (or their equivalents), which is absent or partially absent in the denudational areas of the Jiangnan Ridge division. It represents the beginning of the continental rifting. The second sequence set is made up of the Sanmenjie and Gongdong Formations (or their equivalents), and is characterised by widespread rift volcanism. The third sequence set is represented by the Chang'an Formation glacial deposits in the Hunan-Guangxi sub-basin, which is absent in land areas covered by continental ice sheets. The Nantuo tillites and subsequent carbonaceous and siliceous sediments (the Doushantuo and Dengying Formations) constitute the fourth sequence set in the study area, marking the end of the continental rifting. The first three sets have been interpreted as forming the rift-fill, and the last one the rift cover. This study is the first step towards a better understanding of the Neoproterozoic basin history in South China, and a more robust correlation with Neoproterozoic successions in other continents formed during the breakup of Rodinia.     

近50年来河西走廊平原区气候变化的区域特征及突变分析

近50年来,河西走廊平原区的气温在20世纪60~80年代偏低,90年代以后明显偏高,其中冬季升温显著,而降水在60年代偏少,70年代最多,80年代又偏少,90年代以后又偏多,2000年以来秋季降水增加显著。在全球变暖背景下,走廊平原区的气温突变明显,而降水突变不明显;区域气温突变比较一致,春、夏、秋季在90年代中后期发生升温突变,冬季在80年代中期发生升温突变,年平均气温在80年代中期和90年代中后期也发生升温突变;降水突变存在一定的区域差异,东、西部降水在60年代中后期发生突变,突变后降水量增多。     

复杂山区初至波层析反演静校正

提高静校正精度是取得复杂山区良好地震成像的一个重要条件.而建立在水平折射面假设基础之上折射波静校正方法,无论是假设前提还是实际应用效果,都不适应于地表剧烈起伏,速度纵、横向变化大的复杂区.为此本文提出使用初至波层析反演静校正方法,即利用地震记录中初至旅行时反演出表层速度模型,计算出炮点和检波点的静校正量.通过正演模拟数据和实际资料的验证,很好的解决了复杂地表引起的静校正问题.     

Evolution of the Western Margin of Australia during the Rodinian and Gondwanan Supercontinent Cycles

The proto-Darling Fault zone and its successor, the Darling Fault, extend for 1, 000 km along the western continental margin of Australia and appear to have been active at several periods during the geological past. Deformation commenced at 2,570 Ma and affected Late Archaean granitoids along the western margin of the Yilgarn Craton. Much of the later activity reflects events related to the accretion and breakup associated with the Rodinia and Gondwanaland supercontinent cycles.In the north, rocks of the Northampton and Mullingarra Complexes form part of a high-grade Grenvillian orogenic belt lying to the west of the Darling Fault, referred to as the Pinjarra Orogen. They underwent granulite facies metamorphism 1080 Ma ago and form part of the global collisional event that resulted in the amalgamation of Rodinia. These rocks extend southward beneath Phanerozoic sedimentary cover (the Perth Basin), where they are constrained to the east by the Darling Fault and to the west by the Dunsborough Fault, the latter marking the eastern boundary of the Leeuwin Complex.The Leeuwin Complex is a fragment of Pan-African crust that has traditionally been considered part of the Pinjarra Orogen. It is composed predominantly of upper amphibolite to granulite facies felsic orthogneisses derived from A-type, anorogenic granitoids. Conventional and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology has established that the granitoids evolved between 780 Ma and 520 Ma and were metamorphosed at 615 Ma. These events are equated with rifting associated with the breakup of Rodinia. Sm-Nd whole rock data support the juvenile nature of the crust and provide no evidence for the involvement of pre-existing Archaean continental material.During the Phanerozoic, the Dunsborough and Darling Faults were reactivated, as normal faults defining the inner arm of a major rift system within Eastern Gondwanaland and controlling sedimentation in the Perth Basin that now overlies the Grenvillian terrane. Major normal movement on the Darling Fault ceased by the Late Jurassic and it appears that continental breakup in the Early Cretaceous occurred along fractures closely related to the western boundary of the Leeuwin Complex that defined the eastern margin of the outer arm of the rift system. Breakup between Australia and Greater India commenced at 132 Ma and was followed by eruption of the Bunbury Basalt at 130 Ma and 123 Ma. This possibly resulted from hot spot activity beneath Eastern Gondwanaland and may have been a reflection of the Kerguelen plume, though the evidence is equivocal.It is argued from the petrographic, geochemical and isotopic characteristics, together with the likely contiguity of the Eastern Gondwanaland continents since the assembly of Rodinia, that the Leeuwin Complex evolved within an intracrustal rift and is not an exotic terrane. It is distinct from adjacent portions of the Pinjarra Orogen and should be considered a separate terrane. It is recommended that use of the term ‘Pinjarra Orogen’ be confined to rocks recording the Grenvillian events, thereby excluding those rocks (the Leeuwin Complex) that evolved during the later Pan-African orogeny.     

东南极晚新元古—早古生代构造热事件及其在冈瓦纳超大陆重建中的意义

在东南极大陆内部及边缘发育3条晚新元古代—早古生代造山带,即东非造山带（南延部分）、普里兹造山带和罗斯造山带。东非造山带的南延部分主要出露于吕措—霍尔姆湾—毛德王后地—沙克尔顿岭地区,其内发育蛇绿岩、榴辉岩相超镁铁岩及逆冲—推覆构造,因而被解释为东、西冈瓦纳陆块拼合的缝合线。罗斯造山带主要出露于横贯南极山脉地区,其内保存有大陆裂解、洋壳俯冲和地体增生的地质纪录,代表冈瓦纳超大陆的活动大陆边缘。普里兹造山带主要出露于普里兹湾和登曼冰川,因其位于从前假设的统一东冈瓦纳陆块的内部,加之缺少蛇绿混杂岩、岛弧增生杂岩和高压变质岩（如蓝片岩或榴辉岩）等与大洋板块俯冲作用密切相关的岩石,所以当前存在着碰撞造山成因和板内改造成因两种不同的认识。普里兹造山带构造性质的确定不仅决定了冈瓦纳超大陆的汇聚过程和方式,也制约了罗迪尼亚超大陆的形成和演化过程。因此,开展普里兹造山带的研究对于揭示新元古代—早古生代的全球构造演化具有重要的科学意义。