塔里木地块前寒武纪地质研究进展评述

塔里木地块是我国三大主要陆块之一.它是一个具有完整的前寒武纪基底且发育了良好的新元古代盖层沉积的大陆块体.笔者等综合了近十年来中外地质学家对塔里木前寒武系的研究成果,并对这些取得的资料进行系统分析,概括了塔里木前寒武纪构造演化阶段、过程以及塔里木在前寒武纪时期与全球性的超大陆汇聚和裂解事件的沉积、变质、岩浆及构造作用的耦合关系.特别指出,笔者等详细地讨论了含蓝片岩的阿克苏群可能的沉积时代、发生蓝片岩相变质的时间,并结合对新元古代岩浆事件的综合分析,提出塔里木在新元古代早期(900Ma)汇聚到澳大利亚北缘,成为Rodinia超大陆的一部分.在新元古代中—晚期,沿塔里木北缘的俯冲可能一直持续到760Ma.820～760Ma期间,新元古代Rodinia超级地幔柱和板块俯冲共同制约了塔里木北缘的岩浆作用和变质作用.这一模式可能对认识华南地区新元古代复杂的岩浆作用具有启示意义.     

Geochronology and geochemistry of Grenville-aged (1063 ± 16 Ma) metabasalts in the Shennongjia district,Yangtze block: implications for tectonic evolution of the South China Craton

To better understand the evolution of the South China Craton (SCC), we have determined the geochronological and geochemical compositions of newly recognized Grenville-aged metabasalts in the Shennongjia region of the northern Yangtze block. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons indicates that the metabasalts formed at 1063 ± 16 Ma. The rocks are calc-alkaline, are characterized by SiO₂ contents (50.50 to 55.62 wt.%), and have moderate-to-high MgO contents (7.25–9.60 wt.%). They display light rare earth element enrichment ((La/Yb)_N = 7.0–9.8) with slightly negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.82–0.90) and have pronounced depletion in high-field strength elements as well as positive Pb anomalies in the primitive mantle-normalized trace element pattern. They possess high initial Sr isotopic ratios of 0.7092–0.7107, large negative ε_Nd(t) values of ?12.1 to ?11.0, and a relatively narrow range of initial Pb isotope ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 16.503–17.019, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.259–15.452, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 36.169–36.994). These isotopic characteristics are typical of basalts derived from an EM2 source region and suggest a subcontinental lithospheric mantle source that was metasomatized by subducted components (fluids and melts). Integrating our new data with documented igneous and metamorphic events during late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic time in the region and western segments of the Yangtze block, we suggest that the Shennongjia area might be a microcontinent that was independent of the continental nucleus of the Yangtze block and was accreted to the Yangtze block at the end of Mesoproterozoic time. This study thus argues against the traditional view that the SCC was formed simply by Yangtze–Cathaysia collision and supports a hypothesis in which the Yangtze block was a collage of microcontinents accreted during the Grenvillian period accompanying the assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent.     

琼东南盆地二号断裂带坡折区速度研究进展

琼东南盆地二号断裂带是构造分区的标志性断层之一,该断裂带下降盘为中央凹陷带.区域研究表明中央凹陷带具有良好的生烃潜力,所以该区带一直被认为是有利的油气勘探区带.但是由于该区带水深剧烈变化,多期坡折带快速推进沉积形成大套泥岩,使得该区带的速度很难确定,所以速度问题成为制约着琼东南盆地坡折带勘探的难点问题.笔者首先分析现有速度谱的质量,了解速度整体变化趋势;其次考虑已钻井的速度分析结果;结合地震剖面地层的变化信息进行速度解释,采用解释能量团中心的标准进行速度解释;最后在精细速度解释的基础上,对二维剖面正演模型速度进行分析,建立速度体,证实构造目标的存在.     

川西峨边地区金口河辉绿岩脉SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其对Rodinia裂解的启示

川西金口河地区中元古代峨边群中发育大量基性侵入岩,其具体侵位时间对厘定峨边群的时限、研究扬子西缘前寒武纪构造属性具有重要意义。对峨边群枷担桥组层型剖面中一条辉绿岩脉进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年。结果表明,该辉绿岩脉的锆石发育清楚且宽缓的内部环带结构,具有较高的Th/U比值,属典型基性岩浆成因的锆石,其206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(813.4±8.2)Ma(MSWD=0.56),代表了该辉绿岩脉的侵位时间,也限定了峨边群枷担桥组的上限年龄。综合扬子西缘新元古代中期基性岩浆活动的最新同位素年龄,证实存在2个主要的活动期:830~800Ma和780~745Ma,且830~800Ma期间基性岩浆活动的峰值年龄为(821±2)Ma。这与前人总结的华南和澳大利亚同期基性岩浆活动的年龄分布特征完全一致,暗示川西金口河辉绿岩脉的形成可能与新元古代导致Rodinia超大陆裂解的地幔柱幕式活动有关。     

Simulation of dam-break waves on movable beds using a multi-stage centered scheme

This paper presents the application of the multi-stage first-order centered scheme GMUSTA to solve a two-phase flow model with four equations for simulating dam-break floods without and with sediment transport.Computation of generalized Riemann invariants can be particularly complex and costly in simulating dam-break floods with sediment transport.GMUSTA numerical scheme,which does not require complete knowledge of the eigenstructure of the hyperbolic mathematical model,offers a suitable and attractive option.The quality of the dam-break flood simulations with GMUSTA scheme is verified by comparing the results against laboratory tests and some experimental data available in the literature,on fixed and mobile bed conditions,with different bed materials and flush or stepped bottoms.The numerical results reproduce quite well the experimental evidence,proving that the model is capable of predicting the temporal evolution of the free-surface and the bed.The GMUSTA scheme,which is not only simple to implement but also both accurate and computationally efficient,is proposed as an appropriate tool for integrating non-equilibrium sediment-transport models.     

Spatial and temporal perspectives on spring break‐up flooding in the Slave River Delta,NWT

Spatial and temporal patterns of spring break‐up flooding in the Slave River Delta (SRD), Northwest Territories, are characterized during three years (2003–2005) using water isotope tracers and total inorganic suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations measured from lakewater samples collected shortly after the spring melt. Strongly contrasting spring melt periods led to a moderate flood in 2003, no flooding in 2004 and widespread flooding in 2005. Flooded lakes have isotopically‐depleted δ¹⁸O (δ²H) signatures, ranging between ? 19·2‰ (?145‰) and ? 17·1‰ (?146‰) and most have high TSS concentrations (>10 mg L^?1), while non‐flooded lakes have more isotopically‐enriched δ¹⁸O (δ²H) signatures, ranging between ? 18·2‰ (?149‰) and ? 10·6‰ (?118‰) and low TSS concentrations (<10 mg L^?1). These results, in conjunction with the isotopic signatures of Slave River water and snowmelt, are used to estimate the proportion of river‐ or snowmelt‐induced dilution in delta lakes during the spring of each study year. Calculations indicate river flooding caused dilution of ～70–100% in delta lakes, while snowmelt dilution in the absence of river flooding ranged from ～0–56%. A positive relationship exists between the spatial extent of spring flooding in the SRD and level and discharge on the Slave River and upstream tributaries, suggesting that upstream flow generation plays a key role in determining the magnitude of spring flooding in the SRD. Parallel variations in the 46‐year instrumental Slave River discharge record and flood stratigraphy in the active delta indicate that there is potential for extending the flood history of the SRD, a development that will contribute to a more robust understanding of the drivers of historic, contemporary and future flood frequency in the delta. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华南新元古代玄武质岩石成因与构造意义：从造山运动到陆内裂谷

华南广泛发育新元古代岩浆岩,深入了解这些新元古代岩浆岩的成因对研究区域大地构造及其在Rodinia超大陆的聚合一裂解演化中的作用有重要意义.目前学术界对这些岩浆岩的成因及其大地构造意义还存在很大的分歧.我们在系统分析华南新元古代玄武质岩石地球化学特征的基础上,通过对这些玄武质岩石的原始熔体成分和熔体温度,探讨其地幔源区的组成和热结构,为其形成的构造背景提供新的约束;结合近期发表的各种地质观察资料和玄武质岩石的研究结果,提出了华南晚中元古代.新元古代中期从造山运动到陆内裂谷的地球动力学演化的模型.     

米仓山坪河新元古代二长花岗岩成因及其地质意义

扬子板块西北缘新元古代岩浆作用成因的研究对于研究Rodinia超大陆在该区的构造演化具有重要意义。本文对扬子板块西北缘米仓山地区二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和同位素、全岩主量和微量元素分析。结果表明二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为742.1±5.9 Ma,属于新元古代花岗岩。岩石具有高Si O_2(76.84%~80.08%),高碱(Na_2O+K_2O=7.64%~8.99%),相对富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=0.91~1.36),低P_2O_5含量等特征,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)介于0.77~0.89之间。岩石具有稀土元素含量较高、相对富集轻稀土元素的特征,具有明显负Eu异常,Eu*=0.05~0.13,Rb、U、Th、K、Pb等元素相对富集,Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Zr、Ti和Eu等元素明显亏损。岩石n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)=0.747067~0.795283,n(~(143)Nd)/n(~(144)Nd)=0.512472~0.512661,ε_(Nd)(t)=+3.6~+5.2,二阶段模式年龄T_(2DM)值介于0.96~1.07Ga之间。综合地球化学、同位素特征及米仓山区域构造资料,我们认为坪河二长花岗岩为高钾钙碱性高分异I型花岗岩,该岩浆起源于新生玄武质下地壳岩石的局部熔融,在上升阶段可能经历了地壳的混染作用,形成于伸展的构造环境中,是新元古代晚期Rodinia超大陆裂解作用的岩浆响应。     

塔里木盆地西南部南华纪裂谷体系的发现及意义

通过系统的地震资料解释,首次在塔西南地区发现南华纪裂谷体系。该裂谷平面上呈NW-SE走向的长条状,长约450km,宽约70~110km。剖面上为一箕状盆地,西南边界为一大型正断层,是裂谷沉积的同沉积断层,裂谷沉积向西南逐渐加厚,向东北逐渐减薄,沉积中心靠近裂谷的西南边界,构成一大型半地堑构造。其中,南华系是一套典型的生长地层,是裂谷沉积的主体;震旦系为裂谷晚期-后裂谷期沉积。塔西南南华纪裂谷是罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解过程中形成的,其油气勘探价值非常值得期待。     

Petrology and Geochemistry of the Banded Iron Formation of the Kuluketage Block,Xinjiang, NW China: Implication for BIF Depositional Setting

The Kuluketage block, located in the northeast Tarim craton, is one of the largest Precambrian blocks in the Xinjiang province. Recently, many banded iron formation (BIF)‐type (Superior‐type) deposits have been discovered in the western part of the Kuluketage block. These deposits occurred in the Paleoproterozoic Shayiti Formation, Xingditage Group, which has a nearly E–W distribution in the southern Xinger and Xingdi faults. Tremolite biotite schist and quartzite are the main wall rocks. The geochemical characteristics of schist indicate that the BIFs occurred in a passive continental margin environment. The LA–ICP–MS zircon ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of BIF and late syenite are 1945 ± 10 Ma(MSWD = 0.77) (weighted average age) and 1974 ± 27 Ma(MSWD = 1.05) (upper intercept age), respectively, indicating that the BIFs occurred in the Paleoproterozoic. In addition, the approximately 1.9 Ga magmatic and metamorphic events are consistent with the global‐scale 2.1–1.8 Ga collisional orogen events which are associated with the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent. The geochemical characteristics show that magnetite and quartz are dominant components (total content, 91.65–98.22 wt.%), and the Zr(Nb) and TiO₂, Zr(Nb) and Al₂O₃ and Zr and Y/Ho display strongly positive correlations, illustrating the addition of crustal materials into the chemical precipitate of the original BIFs. The higher Zr, Nb and Al₂O₃ contents and a lower Y/Ho ratio of the Kuluketage BIFs indicate a higher terrigenous detrital component contaminant compared to BIFs of North China Craton (NCC). The rare earth and yttrium (REY) distribution patterns show a slight LREE enrichment and weak Eu positive anomaly features, indicating that the source of Fe and Si of the Kuluketage BIFs is mainly from the contribution of low‐temperature hydrothermal alteration of the oceanic crust. In addition, along with the decreasing BIF depositional age, the declining of Eu anomaly values reflects the increasing importance of low‐temperature hydrothermal solutions relative to high‐temperature hydrothermal solutions. Moreover, no Ce anomalies in studied BIFs, NCC and Xinyu BIFs are attributed to relative reducing environmental condition when the original BIFs precipitated.