前寒武纪的超大陆旋回及其板块构造演化意义

太古代末早古生代存在４次超大陆或大陆聚合时期,超大陆的聚合与裂解造成全球性的重大构造热事件,成为全球板块构造演化的主线,威尔逊旋回在早前寒武纪已明显起作用。超大陆的聚合表现为克拉通的增生与陆块的碰撞造山作用;超大型的裂解表现为非造山岩浆活动、大规模基性岩墙群侵位及大陆裂谷的爆发等。超大陆的裂解可能与地幔柱上涌或超大陆下放射性物质积聚造成的热能积累有关,或地外物质冲击的触发有关。华北克拉通与世界古陆块的前寒武纪构造演化对比,及其在超大陆中的拼合模式成为我国大陆地质学研究面临的挑战性重大科学问题。     

The Grenvillian and Pan-African orogens: World's largest orogenies through geologic time, and their implications on the origin of superplume

The Neoproterozoic Earth was shaped largely by the Grenvillian and Pan-African orogenies. Out of these, the Grenvillian orogeny has long been regarded to be of minor nature in terms of global-scale orogenic episodes, whereas the Pan-African orogeny has been widely recognized in many continental fragments, although not in major parts of Asia. Based on chronological information in zircons from major river mouths across several important terrains of the globe, we show here that the Grenvillian orogeny contributed significantly to the formation of the continental crust. The time period between 0.6 Ga and 0.8 Ga marked the climax at the dawn of the Pan-African orogeny. Continental crust formed in this period is concentrated in the Pan-African orogenic belts widely across the globe. These regions were widespread over the half hemisphere of the globe, and were subsequently reduced in size after they moved to form Laurasia. The normalized frequency distribution of zircon ages from river-mouth sand over the world clearly demonstrates that Neoproterozoic and (0.9–0.6 Ga) and Grenvillian (1.3–1.0 Ga) peaks define the largest population. This means that extensive subduction, and hence active plate tectonics, might have operated through these periods. The zircon study has also brought to light new regions of the Grenvillian orogenic belts, particularly in the continents which are now covered by thick Phanerozoic sedimentary basins. Based on the new locations of Grenvillian orogens identified in this study, and using the distribution patterns as a marker bed, we propose revised paleogeographic configurations of the Rodinia and Gondwana supercontinents.Our results demonstrate that the Neoproterozoic was the most active period of crust formation in the Earth. The cold basins, formed right after the assembly of Rodinia, exhibit a basin chain fringing the northern periphery of Rodinia, which turned into sites of mantle upwellings and led to the rifting and separation of the supercontinental assembly. The continents then moved northwards after the formation of Gondwana at ca. 540 Ma, and enlarged the northern half of the supercontinent Pangea since 250 Ma.Based on the results, we also evaluate the role of supercontinents in the mechanism of generation of superplumes addressing the enigma that the coldest mantle right above the Core–Mantle Boundary turns to the hottest one over a period of several hundreds of million years. Slab graveyard formed by the Pan-African subduction can be imaged through P-wave tomography. We postulate that the high-velocity anomaly in the D” layer underneath Gondwana has now transformed to the low-V regions to generate the African superplume. The tectonic history of solid Earth in the Phanerozoic seems to be controlled by the slab graveyards formed by the Grenvillian orogeny ca. 1.0 Ga.     

西秦岭北缘天水地区新元古代花岗质片麻岩 地球化学特征及其形成环境

西秦岭北缘新元古代花岗质片麻岩位于天水地区分隔北秦岭造山带和北祁连构造带的新阳－元龙韧性剪切带中。花岗质片麻岩具高Si、高Al的特征,属高钾钙碱性系列,A/CNK在1.104～1.389之间,为硅、铝过饱和类型,属典型的强过铝质S型花岗质岩石。轻、重稀土元素分馏较强,具中等负Eu异常。岩石富集大离子亲石元素（Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、La等）,强烈亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti、Hf等）,明显的Ba、P、Sr负异常,相对富集Zr。该花岗质岩石是一种典型的壳源成因类型,主要为上地壳中以成熟度较低、含泥质成分较高的杂砂岩、岩屑杂砂岩为原岩的古元古界秦岭岩群中含水矿物相脱水部分熔融形成的,可能存在少量的分离结晶作用。该花岗质片麻岩具有同碰撞型花岗岩的特征,可能是北秦岭微地块与相邻地块在新元古代早期发生汇聚的产物,是Rodinia超大陆在西秦岭地区汇聚的响应。     

北秦岭西段胡店片麻状二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及其地质意义

北秦岭西段陕西胡店片麻状细粒二长花岗岩中获得(1770±13)Ma的LA-ICP-MS单颗粒锆石微区U-Pb同位素年龄;岩石地球化学资料研究证明,该片麻状细粒二长花岗岩形成于板块边缘的俯冲-碰撞构造环境,岩浆源于部分熔融的中上地壳物质。该变形侵入体形成的地质构造背景及时代与太白岩基巩坚沟变形侵入体基本一致,代表了北秦岭造山带西段古元古代末、中元古代初期的一次强烈的构造岩浆事件。该事件与中国的吕梁运动时代大体相当,可能与Columbia超大陆的形成有一定的成因联系。这一新的资料,对研究北秦岭造山带元古宙大地构造格局、构造演化及中国大陆动力学具有重要意义。     

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带中段A-型花岗岩的岩浆源区与板片断离

近年来地质调查在班公湖怒江缝合带中段发现了一批A-型花岗岩,岩体呈大小几百平方米的岩株产出,岩性上分为黑云母花岗岩和花岗闪长斑岩两种,侵入白垩系地层中.全岩元素地球化学分析显示这些A型花岗岩相对富硅,SiO2含量在68.62％～75.36％之间,全碱(K2O+Na2O=8.03％～9.37％)和全铁(Fe2 O3T＝0.86％～5.39％)含量偏高,Al2O3(12.76％～15.54％)偏低,显示弱过铝质和亚铝质特征.微量元素中大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th、U、K、Pb明显富集,Ba、Sr明显亏损;同样在高场强元素(HFSE)中Nb、Ta、Ti亏损明显,但Zr、Hf相对富集,这些与岛弧型花岗岩都是明显不同的,显示出了A-型花岗岩的特征.岩体稀土元素含量总体较高(∑REE=122.37×106～291.19×10-6,平均为201.31×10-6),相对富集轻稀土元素(LREE/HREE=4.89～9.58,平均为5.93),负Eu异常明显(δ Eu=0.14～0.54,平均为0.34),造成分配曲线呈向右缓倾的V型分布型式.Nd、Sr、Pb同位素分析显示班公湖-怒江缝合带中段的这些A型花岗岩富集放射成因同位素,其中87Sr/86Sr、87Rb/86 Sr及Isr比值分别在0.719842～0.786395、6.7171～48.8063和0.706900～0.710378之间;143 Nb/144 Nb和147 Sm/144 Nd比值分别在0.512123～0.512392和0.0853～0.2847之间,εNd为较大的负值(在-3.37～-10.34之间),显示出地壳组分的重要影响.206 pb/204 Pb、207pb/204Pb和208 pb/204 Pb比值分别在18.703～19.070、15.680～15.732、和39.121～39.576之间,在Zartman等(1981)的Pb构造模式图上位于上地壳线和造山带演化线之上,显示出异常高的富集组分.分析表明班公湖-怒江缝合带中段的A-型花岗岩是岩石圈地幔在洋壳俯冲过程中受到沉积物熔体的交代富集,之后早白垩世晚期(110Ma±)在碰撞后伸展阶段由于俯冲的洋壳板层断离形成了“板片窗”,软流圈物质借此上涌,引起富集的岩石圈地幔(接近EMⅡ)发生部分熔融形成的.     

南海东北部陆架坡折海域跃层判定探讨

以南海东北部陆架坡折海域为例,探讨了浅海(水深<200m)和开阔海区(水深>200m)跃层在陆架坡折海域的水平衔接问题。对多组实测CTD断面水温、盐度和声速跃层的诊断分析结果表明,冬季和春季基本可不考虑陆架坡折海域跃层的水平衔接问题;夏季和秋季陆架坡折海域温、盐、声速跃层判据可分别取0.1℃.m-1、0.02m-1和0.30s-1,来保证跃层的水平连续分布。此外,在可能的内潮存在情况下,为保证跃层水平分布的连续性,可统一取开阔海区的跃层判据。     

The Igarapé Weir decelerated transport of contaminated sediment in the Paraopeba River after the failure of the B1 tailings dam (Brumadinho)

The B1 dam of Córrego do Feijão Mine, owned by Vale, S.A. mining company and located on the Ferro-Carvão stream, collapsed and injected 2.8 Mm³ of clayey, silty, and sandy iron- and manganese-rich tailings into the Paraopeba River (Minas Gerais state, Brazil). The accident occurred on 25 January 2019 and the tailings have been co-transported with coarser natural sediment since then, being partly trapped in the Igarapé Weir reservoir located on the Paraopeba River nearly 45 km downstream the injection point. The general purpose of the current study was to model suspended sediment transport in the vicinity of the Igarapé Weir aiming to assess the concomitant barrier effect imposed by this structure. Specifically, the spatial distributions of suspended clay, silt, and very fine-grained sand fractions (CSS) of sediment were mapped around the Igarapé Weir under low-flow (16 m³/s) and high-flow (5 to 10,000 years return period stream discharge; 699–2,699 m³/s) regimes, using RiverFlow2D as the modelling tool. The concentrations of the various grain materials in the upstream and downstream sectors were quantified linking the barrier effect to concentration reductions in the direction of stream flow. It was also a study goal to calculate differences of iron and manganese concentrations in the sediment + tailings mixtures along the Paraopeba River. The study results showed reductions in the CSS between 6.6% and 18%, from upstream to downstream of the Igarapé Weir, related with backwater effects, free and submerged hydraulic jumps, bank sedimentation in periods of high flow, and streambed sedimentation controlled by channel sinuosity and tailings density. These reductions were accompanied by drops in the concentrations of iron and manganese present in the clay and silt fractions, which varied between 6% and 42% under low flows and between 16% and 44% under high flows. Bank sedimentation was viewed as a potential threat to the riparian vegetation in the long-term. Dredging is the potentially most effective mitigation measure to help lead the Paraopeba River to a pre-rupture condition. The retention of sediment + tailings transported in suspension is less effective than the trapping of bedload sediment + tailings behind the Igarapé weir. The efficacy of sediment trapping is expected to be larger for natural sediment because it is much coarser than the tailings. In that context, the simulations revealed for the low-flow period that 33.6% of the sediment deposition comprised suspended transport of natural sediment (thus, was comprised 66.4% of bedload transport), this proportion rose to 86.9% for mixtures of natural sediment + tailings, a result that did not differ much for the high-flow periods.     

塔里木盆地车尔臣断裂带构造--岩相特征及形成机理探讨

车尔臣断裂带的构造特征、寒武系-下奥陶统地层地震相特征与沉积相展布、构造与岩相之间关系的研究表明,车尔臣断裂构造带具有“三段式”结构。西段与东段相似,为巨厚的碳酸盐岩建造,刚性强,以断裂形式释放应力,所形成的构造带成排发育,圈闭面积小而个数多;中段塔东低凸起以泥岩建造为主,岩层刚性弱,以塑性变形为主,构造带不发育,构造样式主要为古生界的宽缓背斜,圈闭面积大而个数少。通过沉积相和构造综合研究证实存在2个岩性圈闭带：古城奥陶系礁滩相岩性圈闭带和罗布泊奥陶系礁滩相构造-岩性复合圈闭带。     

Ca. 1.7 Ga Magmatism on Southwestern Margin of the Yangtze Block: Response to the Breakup of Columbia

This paper presents some data of the Jiaopingdu gabbro and Caiyuanzi granite at the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block, on the geochemical compositions, zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic data. The Jiaopingdu gabbro gives the age of 1721 ± 5 Ma, the Caiyuanzi granite 1732 ± 6 Ma and 1735 ± 4 Ma, and the Wenjiacun porphyry granite 1713 ± 4 Ma, suggesting nearly contemporaneous formation time of the gabbro and granite. The bimodal feature is demonstrated by the gabbro SiO2 content of 44.64–46.87 wt% and granite 73.81–77.03 wt%. In addition, the granite has high content of SiO2 and Na2O + K2O, low content of Al2O3 and CaO, enriched in REEs (except Eu) and Zr, Nb, Ga and Y, depleted in Sr, implying it belongs to A-type granite geochemistry and origin of within-plate environment. The zircon εHf(t) of the granite and gabbro is at the range of 2–6, which is near the 2.0 Ga evolution line of the crust, implying the parent magma of the gabbro being derived from the depleted mantle and a small amount of crustal material, and the parent magma of the granite from partial melting of the juvenile crust and some ancient crustal material at the same time. Compared with 1.8–1.7 Ga magmatism during breakup of other cratons in the world, we can deduce that the Columbia has initially broken since ca. 1.8 Ga, and some continental marginal or intra-continental rifts occurred at ca. 1.73 Ga.     

内蒙古固阳地区白云常合山A型花岗岩:年代学、地球化学、Hf同位素研究及其对Columbia超大陆裂解的响应

在对固阳白云常合山花岗岩详细的野外地质调查基础上,对其岩相学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Lu-Hf同位素特征进行了综合研究。白云常合山花岗岩的地球化学特征显示其具有高SiO2(70.68%～77.21%)、富碱(7.88%～9.21%)、高Fe2O3T/MgO (12.60～90.38)和10000×Ga/Al (3.63～6.17)值,低Al2O3(11.70%～13.23%)、MgO (0.06%～0.24%)、CaO (0.23%～1.20%)的特征;微量元素富集Rb、Th、K等,亏损Ba、Sr、Eu、Ti、P;稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,呈现典型的右倾"海鸥型"分布模式,具有明显的Eu负异常。通过锆石饱和温度的计算,得到白云常合山花岗岩的结晶温度为824～957℃,平均值为903℃,表明其形成于高温环境。这些特征与A型花岗岩相一致。锆石LA-ICP-MS年龄测试结果显示,白云常合山花岗岩形成于～1720Ma;锆石εHf(t)=-1.84～+6.08,以正值为主,单阶段模式年龄和二阶段模式年龄分别为1.9～2.2Ga和2.5～3.2Ga,岩浆源区主要是新太古代新生地壳,在上升过程中可能受到古老地壳物质的混染。构造环境判别图解显示其为A1型花岗岩,且有板内岩浆的特点,因此白云常合山花岗岩应该是大陆裂谷岩浆活动的产物。结合区域上与裂解事件有关地质体的同位素年代学资料,认为白云常合山花岗岩应该是固阳地区年龄可靠的最早响应哥伦比亚超大陆裂解的岩体。