华南在Rodinia古陆中位置的讨论——扬子地块西缘变质-岩浆杂岩证据及其与Seychelles地块的对比

沿扬子地块西缘出露的一系列变质杂岩的构造性质及形成时代是分析华南地块大地构造属性的关键。这些杂岩均被初始为低角度的正断层所围限 ,具有变质核杂岩的构造性质 ,其剥露时间在177Ma左右。目前 ,对这一区域几个代表性杂岩体进行的系统的岩石学和地球化学分析表明 ,这是一套主体为与俯冲板块有关的岛弧型岩浆杂岩 ,其形成时代从 72 6～ 86 4Ma ,时间跨度在 10 0Ma以上。证明这些岩石的形成与地幔柱作用无关。上述结果与最近在Madagascar东北缘、Seychelles岛及印度的Malani的一条类似的变质岩浆杂岩带的地球化学与地质年代学研究结果完全吻合 ,这个构造带被解释为一条沿Mozambique洋东缘的巨大的向东俯冲的安第斯型俯冲 岩浆岛弧带。据此我们推测在Rodinia古大陆中 ,华南地块位于印度板块东北缘 ,其南东则可能与澳大利亚相接。     

东昆仑南带中元古代晚期-新元古代早期叠层石组合的发现

东昆仑南带加嗡门地区碳酸盐岩地层中发现的中元古代晚期-新元古代早期叠层石组合以大型锥叠层石及其相关的分子Conophyton garganicus var. inkeni,C. cf. ressoti Menchikov, Jacutophyton f. 和Conicodomenia cf. longotenuia等最丰富, 并与Baicalia共生, 故可视之为Conophyton-Baicalia组合.这叠层石组合可以与天山、华北等地蓟县系中部-青白口系中部叠层石组合对比,尤其酷似于天山地区蓟县系的爱尔基干组合和华北蓟县系的闪坡岭叠层石组合,而显著有别于华南地块.它还可以与南乌拉尔、西伯利亚、北美、北非和阿拉斯加半岛等地区的中里菲界上部--上里菲界下部层位中的叠层石组合对比.加嗡门叠层石组合的时限为距今1 300～850 Ma,大致为蓟县纪中期-青白口纪中期或中里菲晚期-晚里菲早期.东昆仑南带存在前寒武纪微地块,当时此微地块的古地理和古环境与天山、华北、西伯利亚和阿拉斯加半岛等地区的前寒武纪地块相似,均位于低纬度区,其上均广泛发育适宜叠层石繁育的温暖陆表海,它们可能共同处于罗迪尼亚超大陆的低纬度大陆边缘部位,与华南地块的不同.这对本区和东昆仑地层和大地构造研究,以及对罗迪尼亚超大陆重建提供了新的古生物约束.     

INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE FINE FAULT GEO-METRY BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION DEM DATA DERIVED FROM UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUE: A CASE STUDY OF TANGJIAPO SITE ON THE HAIYUAN FAULT

Fault-related tectonic geomorphologic features are integrated expressions of multiple strong seismological events and long-term surface processes, including crucial information about strong earthquake behavior of a fault. It's of great significance to identify the strong seismic activity information from faulted landscapes, which include the date and sequence of the seismic activities, displacements, active fault features, for studying the seismic rupture process, predicting the future seismic recurrence behavior and evaluating the seismic hazard of the fault. However, due to the restriction of measuring techniques and the subsequent poor quality of the acquired data, it has been difficult to accurately extract such information from complex tectonic landforms to study active faults for a long time. Recently, "small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(sUAV)" photogrammetric technique based on "Structure from Motion(SfM)" provides a cost-efficient and convenient access to high-resolution and high-accuracy "digital elevation models(DEMs)" of tectonic landforms. This paper selects the Tangjiapo area at the Haiyuan Fault to conduct data collection, in which the structural and geomorphic features are well preserved. Using a small quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle(Inpire 2), we collect 1598 aerial photographs with a coverage area of 0.72km². For calibrating the accuracy of the aerial data, we set 10 ground control points and use differential-GPS to obtain the spatial coordinates of these control points. We use model software Agisoft PhotoScan to process these digital pictures, obtaining high-resolution and high-accuracy DEM data with the geographic information, in which data resolution is 2.6cm/pix and the average density of point cloud is 89.3 point/m². The data with these accuracy and resolution can fully show the real geomorphic features of the landform and meet the requirements for extracting specific structural geomorphic information on the surface. Through the detailed interpretation of the tectonic landforms, we identify a series of structures associated with the strike-slip fault and divide the alluvial fan into four stages, named s₁, s₂, s₃, and s₄, respectively.Wherein, the s₁ is the latest phase of the alluvial fan, which is in the extension direction of the Haiyuan Fault and there isn't any surface fracture, indicating that the s₁ was formed after the M8.5 Haiyuan earthquake in 1920. The rupture zone on the s₂ fan is composed of varied kinds of faulting geomorphologic landforms, such as a series of en echelon tension-shear fractures trending 270°~285°, fault scarps and seismic ridges caused by the left-lateral motion of the seismic fault. In addition, a number of field ridges on the s₂ fan were faulted by the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 earthquake, recording the co-seismic displacements of the latest earthquake event. Relatively speaking, the surface rupture structure of the s₃ fan is simple, mainly manifested as linear fault scarp with a trend of 270°~285°, which may indicate that multiple earthquakes have connected the different secondary fractures. And a small part of s₄ fan is distributed in the southwest of the study area without fault crossing. Furthermore, we measured the horizontal displacements of river channels and vertical offsets of fault scarps. The faulted ridge on the s₂ fan and faulted gully on the s₃ fan provide good linear markers for obtaining the fault left-lateral dislocation. We used the graphical dislocation measurement software LaDiCaoz developed based on Matlab to restore the gully position before the earthquake by comparing the gully morphology on both sides of the fault, and then determined the horizontal offset of s₂, which is(4.3±0.4)m and that of s₃ is(8.6±0.6)m. In addition, based on the DEM data, we extracted the fault scarp densely along the fault strike, and obtained the vertical offset of s₂, which is(4.3±0.4)m and that of s₃ is(1.79±0.16)m. Moreover, we detect slope breaks in the fault scarp morphology. For compound fault scarps generated by multiple surface rupture earthquakes, there are multiple inflection points on the slope of the topographic section, and each inflection point represents a surface rupture event. Therefore, the slope break point on the scarp becomes an important symbol of multiple rupture of the fault. The statistical result shows that the slope breaks number of s₂ is 1 and that of s₃ is 2. Based on the analysis of horizontal displacements of river channels and vertical offsets of fault scarps as well as its slope breaks, two surface rupturing events can be confirmed along the Tangjiapo area of the Haiyuan Fault. Among them, the horizontal and vertical displacements of the older event are(4.3±0.95)m and(0.85±0.22)m, respectively, while that of the latest event are(4.3±0.4)m and(0.95±0.14)m, which are the coseismic horizontal and vertical offsets of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. These recognitions have improved our cognitive level of the fine structure of seismic surface rupture and ability to recognize paleoearthquake events. Therefore, the high-resolution topographic data obtained from the SfM photogrammetry method can be used for interpretation of fine structure and quantitative analysis of microgeomorphology. With the development of research on tectonic geomorphology and active tectonics toward refinement and quantification, this method will be of higher use value and practical significance.     

南海北部陆架坡折附近表层沉积物的粒度特征和其输运趋势

对南海北部陆架坡折附近取的50个表层沉积物样品,作粒度测试,计算粒度参数。粒度分析表明研究区的沉积物主要存在4种类型:含砾砂、砾质砂、砂质砾和含砾泥质砂;沉积物组分中砾石和砂占绝对优势,基本上不含黏土。综合因子分析和聚类分析的结果把研究区划分为4类沉积区:Ⅰ类沉积区属于内陆架沉积区,Ⅱ类沉积区属于陆架坡折上部沉积区,Ⅲ类沉积区属于陆架坡折下部沉积区,Ⅳ类沉积区区属于陆架边缘沉积区,每类沉积区都代表着不同的沉积环境。研究区沉积物的粒径趋势分析结果显示,陆架坡折附近的沉积物主要向内陆架和外陆架边缘或上陆坡输运,同时存在着跨陆架输运和沿陆架坡折输运现象,这与研究区实测的底流方向相一致。本研究表明,南海北部陆架坡折附近的沉积环境和沉积物输运模式比较复杂和特殊。本研究对今后陆架和陆坡区其他相关的研究具有十分重要的指导和借鉴意义。     

中祁连苏里地区新元古代辉绿岩墙群LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

中祁连西段苏里地区有大量北东和近东西向延伸的辉绿岩、辉长岩呈岩墙状侵入到元古宙地质体中。基性岩墙的SiO₂含量为46.77%～52.37%,Al₂O₃含量为12.82%～15.86%,TiO₂含量为1.16%～3.14%,MgO含量为3.84%～7.98%,FeO^T含量为10.42%～15.53%,以贫K₂O （0.10%～1.60%）、Na₂O>K₂O为特征,里特曼指数σ=0.67～2.96,岩石主量元素地球化学成分与大洋拉斑玄武岩一致;全岩稀土元素总量较低（51.28×10^-6～165.11×10^-6）,轻重稀土元素之比为2.67～4.90,（La/Yb）_N值为2.04～5.03,属轻稀土元素富集型,δEu=0.93～1.12,无明显的Eu异常;富集Rb、Ba、Th、U,亏损Nb和K,大离子亲石元素丰度变化范围相对较宽,高场强元素富集程度不强,微量元素蛛网图上具有左侧隆起、右侧相对平坦的分布型式。基性岩墙LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为819.5±5.2 Ma,形成时代与全球性Rodinia超级大陆裂解时代高度一致。岩石地球化学分析结果显示岩浆起源于亏损地幔源区,是尖晶石地幔橄榄岩部分熔融的产物,岩浆形成于陆内裂谷环境,表明其可能为Rodinia超级大陆裂解的产物。     

Decoding earth's plate tectonic history using sparse geochemical data

Accurately mapping plate boundary types and locations through time is essential for understanding the evolution of the plate-mantle system and the exchange of material between the solid Earth and surface environments.However,the complexity of the Earth system and the cryptic nature of the geological record make it difficult to discriminate tectonic environments through deep time.Here we present a new method for identifying tectonic paleo-environments on Earth through a data mining approach using global geochemical data.We first fingerprint a variety of present-day tectonic environments utilising up to 136 geochemical data attributes in any available combination.A total of 38301 geochemical analyses from basalts aged from 5-0 Ma together with a well-established plate reconstruction model are used to construct a suite of discriminatory models for the first order tectonic environments of subduction and mid-ocean ridge as distinct from intraplate hotspot oceanic environments,identifying 41,35,and 39 key discriminatory geochemical attributes,respectively.After training and validation,our model is applied to a global geochemical database of 1547 basalt samples of unknown tectonic origin aged between 1000-410 Ma,a relatively ill-constrained period of Earth’s evolution following the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent,producing 56 unique global tectonic environment predictions throughout the Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic.Predictions are used to discriminate between three alternative published Rodinia configuration models,identifying the model demonstrating the closest spatio-temporal consistency with the basalt record,and emphasizing the importance of integrating geochemical data into plate reconstructions.Our approach offers an extensible framework for constructing full-plate,deeptime reconstructions capable of assimilating a broad range of geochemical and geological observations,enabling next generation Earth system models.     

云南安宁地区石虎山花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征和锆石Hf同位素组成及其成因

石虎山花岗岩岩体位于安宁市德滋村附近,本文对该岩体开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学、锆石Hf同位素组成研究。结果获得(616±20) Ma的岩浆结晶年龄和(839±17) Ma、(766±15) Ma、(705.5±9.4) Ma的继承性年龄,说明岩体形成于新元古代埃迪卡拉纪;其中(839±17) Ma、(766±15) Ma、(705.5±9.4) Ma的继承性年龄组合可能是Rodinia超大陆裂解构造过程的记录,839 Ma、616 Ma可能是Rodinia超大陆在扬子板块西缘开始裂解与最终裂解时限。花岗岩主量、微量元素特征显示,其产生于伸展环境的高硅、过铝、高钾的A型花岗岩;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值均小于0,在t-t(Ma)和t-(~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf)图上,所有样品点均落在上地壳演化线之上,二阶段模式年龄变化范围为1.77～2.31 Ga,结合Nb/Y—Rb/Y图解,表明成岩物质主要来源于古元古代古老下地壳页岩60%部分熔融。     

苏鲁高压-超高压带的结构、变形特征及形成背景探讨

苏鲁高压-超高压变质带由不同层次、不同级别、不同变质岩石组合的构造岩片堆叠而成,自北向南可分别为9个构造岩片。这种复杂的结构的形成和发展主要受早期的变质变形作用控制,并被晚期构造作用改造。本文重点对高压-超高压变质带的构造变形进行了分析,自元古宙—中生代韧性改造事件可分为4期。最后在以上工作的基础上对其形成的地质背景进行了探讨,指出了两次高压-超高压变质事件存在的可能,而且其新元古代的构造事件可与全球Rodinian超大陆的形成与裂解相对比。     

秦岭造山带及相邻地块元古代基性岩墙群研究综述及相关问题探讨

基性岩墙群是重建古陆块聚合、伸展乃至裂解的关键标志之一。通过对秦岭造山带及相邻的华北地块、扬子地块元古代基性岩墙群的时空对比综 合分析表明,华北地块区发育2300Ma±和1700～1200Ma的两期基性岩墙群,分别代表了新太 古代和古元古代华北古陆块的聚合、伸展过程;扬子地块区发育800～620Ma的基性岩墙群, 反映了新元古代扬子古陆块的聚合、伸展过程。认为前震旦纪华北地块和扬子地块可能是独 立古陆块或不同古陆块的组成部分。晋宁造山作用(1100～850Ma)和澄江伸展、裂解作用(800Ma±)是可与新元古代Rodinia超大陆聚合、裂解过程进行对比、研究的重要时期。