新疆博格达构造带晚古生代构造格局与演化过程探讨

文章综合分析了前人的成果资料,在对博格达地区野外地质实地调查基础上,通过对博格达构造带的岩石学、地层学及沉积学的系统的研究,认为博格达山经历了早石炭世初始裂谷、晚石炭世成熟裂谷、早二叠世造山、早二叠世晚期后造山演化四个阶段。     

2014年南疆西部一次大风天气过程分析

利用常规地面、高空观测资料和NECP逐日4次 1?ｘ 1?网格再分析资料,对2014年5月22日发生在南疆西部地区的一次翻山型大风天气过程的物理机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明：本次大风是高压脊衰退,冷空气沿西北路径爆发产生的大风天气过程;喀什站与乌鲁木齐、塔什干指标站气压差有明显的指示意义：喀什站与乌鲁木齐站气压差由负转正达到 3hPa左右,与塔什干站气压差达到最大-26hPa左右,此时可作为出现全区性大风的参考时间节点,当喀什站与乌鲁木齐站气压差扩大到-15hPa左右,维持稳定,与塔什干气压差减小至-13hPa左右,可作为全区性大风结束的参考时间节点;同时大风出现及结束时间节点在地理上呈现阶梯性变化特征;高空急流、垂直速度圈、变压中心以及冷锋的位置变化相互制约影响;高空急流、垂直环流圈的共同作用是高空动量下传重要动力机制;低层南疆盆地的辐合、帕米尔高原的辐散加剧了南疆盆地上升减压和帕米尔高原中低层的下沉加压,是又一动力强迫机制;中低层300hPa-850hPa较深厚的强冷平流输送,盆地热低压发展是翻山大风形成的热力因子。     

沂蒙山区域山水林田湖草一体化保护和修复工程规划实践

山水林田湖草一体化保护和修复是解决生态环境问题的重要途径,也是推进生态文明建设的必然要求。本研究在系统调查沂蒙山区域自然生态各个要素基础上,识别出生境破损,水生态系统质量下降,森林生态服务功能退化等三大区域生态安全问题和十项区域生态环境问题,构建了“三山三水”的生态保护修复格局,划分了沂山—沂河水生态、蒙山—汶河林草和基础环境、尼山—祊河基础环境和水生态保护3个主体修复区,规划了基础环境类、土地整治类、林草保护修复类、水生态保护修复类、污染防治类和监测监管预警类等6大类工程措施。工程实施将提升区域生态系统质量和服务功能,也将为类似区域山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程规划提供参考。     

Mountain ordering: A method for classifying mountains based on their morphometry

A new method for classifying mountain morphology, ‘mountain ordering,’ is proposed, and quantitative expressions for various morphological parameters of two ordered mountains in northern Japan were obtained using this method. Mountain order was defined in terms of the closed contour lines on a topographic map. A set of closed, concentric contour lines defines a first-order mountain. Higher-order mountains can be defined as a set of closed contour lines that contain lower-order mountains and that have only one closed contour line for each elevation; they are identified as m + 1th-order mountains, where m represents the order of the enclosed, lower-order mountains. The geomorphometry for a mountain ordered according to this definition permits the identification of systematic relationships between various morphological parameters. The relationships between mountain order and these morphological parameters follow a form similar to that of Horton's laws, and permit the calculation of the ratios of number, area and height; these parameters are sufficient to express the magnitude of a mountain's dissection. The size–frequency distribution for area and height shows self-similarity for ordered mountains, and determines their fractal dimensions. Furthermore, the relationship between area and height, which has the form of a power function, describes the relief structure of ordered mountains. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The shapes of some mountain peaks in the Canadian Rockies

Different mountain shapes in sedimentary sequences in the Canadian Rockies were enhanced by glacial erosion and have been modified postglacially by gravity-driven slope processes. Slope modification by both glacial erosion and postglaciation landslides is related to rock structure, particularly bedding dip, rock mass strength and slope geometry. Five mountain peak shapes in monoclinal sequences each fall into different ranges of bedding dips. Castellate (1) and matterhorn (2) mountains occur in sub-horizontal beds and their slopes on all sides follow combinations of bedding planes and joints. The overall slopes are generally 37 to 65° and oblique to both bedding and joints. Slopes in sub-horizontal beds may be controlled by their rock mass strength. Cuestas (3) develop in gently to moderately dipping beds. Dip slopes and steeper, normal escarpments form their cataclinal and anaclinal sides respectively, with the dihedral angle between them about 90°. Hogbacks (4) in moderately to steeply dipping beds have similar slope angles on both cataclinal and anaclinal slopes. Cataclinal slopes are either dip slopes or underdip slopes but anaclinal slopes are often steepened escarpments; the dihedral angle between the slopes is usually less than 90°. Dogtooth (5) mountains occur in steeply dipping to sub-vertical beds and the dihedral angle can be as low as 60°. Slope gradients in inclined beds are closely related to landslides, whose modes are controlled by bedding dips. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蛇蟠岛野人洞景区某危岩体地质灾害风险分析与防治对策

我国山地旅游资源丰富。随着山地旅游资源的快速发展,山地旅游区地质灾害频发。以浙江省蛇蟠岛国家矿山公园野人洞景区某危岩体为例,在进行现场工程地质调查的基础上,根据2016年度该景区统计的客游量计算得出该研究区属于发生地质灾害高风险区的结论,并提出了“可绿化的加锚钢筋混凝土板与浆砌块石混合体”的防治对策。这对于其它山地景区的同类问题具有一定参考价值。     

河南省十大温泉地热地质特征

为了在河南省隆起山地区寻找地热资源,对隆起山地区出露的十大温泉地热地质特征进行了详细研究.隆起山地型地热资源受断裂构造控制,地下水通过深循环加热,沿深大断裂呈温泉形式出露地表.按水化学类型,温泉热水可划分为重碳酸盐型、硫酸盐型、硫酸盐氯化物型、硫酸重碳酸盐型及重碳酸硫酸盐型.     

Synoptic sampling reveals spatial stability in flow and chemistry patterns despite large seasonal variability in a subarctic mountain catchment

Seasonality plays a critical role in cold mountain regions as variation in air temperature, ground thermal status, and precipitation phase alter the rate, timing and magnitude of hydrological and chemical transport. Additionally, cold mountain catchments can have highly variable topography, geology, permafrost, and landcover, which intrinsically add to this irregularity. Understanding how external and internal variability act to control mass fluxes requires sampling at a high spatial resolution over time, which rarely occurs in cold remote regions. In this work, we conduct five snapshot sampling surveys across 34 subcatchments during the ice-free period in Wolf Creek Research Basin (a mesoscale montane subarctic catchment) and two additional winter surveys across a subset of sites to assess the drivers of variability in stream chemistry and discharge. We sampled for specific conductance (SpC), major ions, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and used statistical metrics and Bayesian mixing analysis to quantify patterns of flow and chemistry across space and time. Our results indicate patterns in both flow and chemistry remain largely consistent across seasons for all solutes. However, there was weaker correlation of chemistry between sites, suggesting asynchronous behaviour within the catchment. There was evidence of increasing production of ions and DOC along the stream network during high spring flows but not during low flows. Although concentrations and flows exhibit high seasonality in subarctic mountains, this seasonal variability does not alter spatial patterns that arise from highly variable catchment characteristics.     

哀牢山北段蛇绿岩中构造蚀变岩型金矿床特征

哀牢山北段蛇绿岩中构造蚀变岩型金矿床主要产于蛇绿岩上部的玄武岩和火山碎屑岩中,并受北西向断裂构造控制。区内分布有喜玛拉雅期煌斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩等脉岩,其与成矿作用密切相关。围岩蚀变以碳酸盐化为主,其次是绢云母化和黄铁矿化。矿石主要金属矿物为黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿;包裹体成分以Na⁺、Zn²⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、H₂O和CO₂为主;主要微量元素是As、Sb、W;稀土元素表现出轻稀土降低和重稀土相对增加的演化特征。硫、氧同位素研究表明,该矿床属于以岩浆热液为主,伴有部分地下水加入的中低温热液矿床。     

Origin of a bouldery diamicton,Kunlun Pass,Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,People's Republic of China: gelifluction deposit or rock glacier?

On the west side of the military road to Tibet in the Kunlun Shan, a major body of diamicton is moving slowly downslope from the ridge crest at 4800 m in a northerly and easterly direction. The material is derived from Middle Pleistocene till deposits and the underlying Pliocene alluvial gravels. More than 10 per cent of the material is composed of boulders longer than 2 m, 45 per cent has long axes between 0·5 and 2 m, while the matrix is a poorly sorted sandy loam. The mean annual air temperature is −7°C to −5°C and the mean annual precipitation is under 300 mm a⁻¹. The diamicton lacks a vegetation cover, in contrast to meadow tundra on the surrounding slopes. The diamicton mantles the north slope of the ridge, but splits into at least 16 separate tongues which are moving down fluvially graded valleys. The average slope of the landform is about 19°, while the mean slope of the fronts of the tongues is 21°. With one exception, the slope of the fronts does not exceed 25°, unlike true rock glaciers. The diamicton is up to 40 m thick in valley 4. The active layer was 12 to 30 cm deep in July at 4780 m, increasing to 1·5 to 2 m at about 4650 m. Ice contents in the permafrost may reach 57 per cent but 30 per cent is more usual The larger boulders act as braking blocks on the upper slopes of the landform and are frozen into the permafrost. The lower parts of the landform move at under 3 cm a⁻¹, whereas the fine-grained material in the active layer moves past the braking blocks on the upper slopes at up to 30 cm a ⁻¹. There is no direct evidence for flowage of the icy diamicton forming the deposit. It is therefore best referred to as a gelifluction slope deposit, and is the longest and most spectacular of such deposits described so far in the world. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.