Engineering geological studies and tunnel support design at Sulakyurt dam site, Turkey

This paper presents the results of engineering geological investigations and tunnel support design studies, carried out at the Sulakyurt dam site, northeast of Ankara, Turkey. The Sulakyurt dam will be used for flow control and water storage for irrigation projects. Studies were carried out both in the field and the laboratory. Field studies include engineering geological mapping, intensive discontinuity surveying, core drilling and sampling for laboratory testing. The diversion tunnel will be driven in rock mass, consisting of granite and diorite. Empirical, analytical and numerical methods were combined for safe tunnel design. Rock mass rating (RMR), Rock mass quality (Q) and Geological strength index (GSI) systems were used for empirical rock mass quality determination, site characterization and support design. The convergence–confinement method was used as analytical method and software called Phase², a 2D finite element program, was utilized as numerical method. According to the results acquired from the empirical, analytical and numerical methods, tunnel stability problems were expected in both granite and diorite rock masses. The support system, suggested by empirical methods, was applied and the performance of suggested support system was evaluated by means of numerical modelling. It was concluded that the suggested support systems were adequate, since after applying the suggested support system to granite and diorite, tunnel deformation and the yielded elements around the tunnel decreased significantly. Thus, it is suggested that for more reliable support design empirical, numerical and analytical methods should be combined.     

大兴安岭绿林林场一带兴华渡口岩群原岩恢复及大地构造环境探讨

兴华渡口岩群作为额尔古纳地块的基底,其变质年龄、原岩类型及大地构造背景一直是地质学家关注的热点。以大兴安岭北段绿林林场一带兴华渡口岩群作为研究对象,利用锆石U-Pb同位素测年限定了原岩的变质时代,结合岩相学与地球化学综合分析方法开展原岩恢复,并进一步讨论了其形成的大地构造背景。研究认为兴华渡口岩群主要由斜长角闪岩类、浅粒岩类、变粒岩类和石英岩类组成;斜长角闪岩类原岩为基性火山岩,浅粒岩类原岩为英安质凝灰岩,石英岩和变粒岩原岩为泥质粉砂岩;斜长角闪岩类亏损非活动性微量元素Ta、Nd、P,大地构造环境属岛弧环境;浅粒岩类主要亏损Ta、Nd、P、Sr、Ti等元素,形成于大陆边缘造山带环境。绿林林场一带兴华渡口岩群的变质年龄下限为774.1±3.8 Ma。      

定向剪切应力路径下冻结黏土变形特性试验

为研究复杂应力路径下冻土的强度与变形特征,采用冻土空心圆柱仪（FHCA-300）对不同负温状态下的饱和冻结黏土开展定向剪切试验,基于不同剪切方向下冻结黏土的轴向和扭剪分量的应力-应变关系,探讨土样的剪切变形特征、各向异性属性以及剪切带的演变规律,并考察温度、大主应力方向角、平均主应力以及中主应力系数等因素对冻结黏土强度的影响。结果表明：平均主应力p值对冻结黏土的应力-应变关系影响显著,尤其是p=4.5 MPa时具有较高的剪切强度,且该值可能为压融临界p值;大主应力方向变化会诱发冻结黏土的各向异性,随着大主应力方向角的增加,冻结黏土剪切强度逐渐降低,并有明显的剪切带产生;中主应力系数的增加使得轴向强度有逐渐降低的趋势,但对剪切强度影响不明显;随着温度的降低,冻结黏土强度逐渐增大,试样发生脆性破坏并出现剪切破裂面,其剪切强度主要取决于冰颗粒和土颗粒的胶结力。     

Stratigraphic delineation by three-dimensional clustering of piezocone data

Piezocone soundings are a fast and economical approach for geotechnical site characterization, providing three separate and continuous channels of data with depth, including: tip resistance q _T, porewater pressure u ₂ and sleeve friction f _s. Literally hundreds to thousands of data points are collected by a single sounding. Since these readings are functions of both soil type and soil behaviour, they can be used for the delineation of soil stratigraphy.

One way to process large amounts of data involves clustering. Cluster analysis is an efficient statistical way to analyse the stratigraphic vertical profiling of geomaterials and means to detect the inherent similarity between data sets and group them together. Clustering in previous geotechnical research was based on only two channels of piezocone data (q _T and u₂). The method works well for soils that are under the groundwater table and was applied to soundings in clay deposits.

In the present paper, a new cluster analysis approach is developed based on all three channels of data, thus extending the method to soils above the water table and applicable to sands, silts, and clays. Example soil profiles derived by three-channel cluster analysis are presented herein and compared with conventional soil boring and sampling data.     

水文水井抽水试验参数自动监测系统硬件设计

设计了以单片机为核心的抽水试验参数自动监测系统，能自动完成水位、出水量、地下水温和承压水水头高度等主要参数的自动监测，并现场打印数据；能和PC机进行数据通讯，转储数据，通过PC机进行进一步数据处理，输出打印S＝f(t)和Q＝f(t)曲线，建立数据库。     

清江水布垭水利枢纽地下厂房围岩变形特性研究

通过在水布垭水利枢纽地下厂房中进行变形试验,研究了厂房区岩体的变形特性,采用反分析法进行粘弹性反分析,反演出地应力、弹性模量及粘性参数,并与现场试验结果进行比较,对反算值进行评价。     

新疆某水利枢纽工程软弱结构面抗剪强度参数的试验研究

某水利枢纽工程位于伊犁地区,影响工程的主要问题为坝基岩体软弱结构面和断层的抗滑稳定问题。根据工程实际条件和软弱夹层特性,采取现场断层软弱结构面试验和室内模拟试验相结合,获得软弱夹层的抗剪参数。实践证明,把两种方法结合起来的试验成果可靠,尤其对一些不具备进行现场大型岩体软弱夹层抗剪试验的工程,采用室内中型直剪仪进 行剪切试验具有实用意义。     

应用RMi法估算岩体变形模量

RMR法与Q法是国内外八、九十年代岩体质量和参数估算的常用方法,然而RMR法和Q法对质量较差的岩体不太实用,而RMi法是一种既适用于软岩又适用于硬岩的岩体质量评价和参数估算方法。本文在介绍RMi法基本原理的基础上,对贵州省鱼简河水库坝基岩体变形模量进行确定。     

Geotechnical and geoenvironmental characteristics of man-made underground structures in Cappadocia, Turkey

Underground cities and semi-underground settlements, most of which are 1500 years at least, exist in the Cappadocia Region of Turkey. These man-made rock structures are carved in soft tuffs and the best examples of long-term performance of man-made structures in the field of rock engineering. The tuffs also have good thermal isolation properties to be used as housing and storage of foods. In this article, the authors are only concerned with physical and short-term mechanical characteristics due to the wide-spectrum of the theme and the in situ characterization of the Cappadocia tuffs, and the results of investigations are presented. In addition, a critical overview on possible engineering geological problems at Cappadocia with mechanical aspects of historical and modern rock structures and their implications in rock engineering is made. From the experimental results in the field, it is evident that the engineering characteristics of these rocks do not show significant changes in vertical and horizontal directions. However, they are prone to atmospheric conditions. In addition, temperature and humidity measurements at different floors of the underground cities and various parts of semi-underground settlements indicated that variations in climatic conditions of the openings are very small when compared to those outside the ground surface.     

虹螺山-五指山一带成矿岩体地球化学特征及成矿意义

虹螺山-五指山地区是辽西钼、铅、锌、金多金属重要的成矿带,前人研究成果表明,其成矿作用与该区广泛分布的花岗质岩石成因关系密切。笔者通过对野外成矿岩体的考察、采样和分析,对其岩石地球化学特征及成因进行分析,并探讨其成矿地质意义。测试分析结果表明,区内成矿岩体的岩石类型主要为钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩;岩体的SiO2含量为72.86%~76.56%,A/CNK为1.39~1.73,Alk为7.07~9.09,属强过铝质钙碱性岩石;岩石微量元素Rb/Sr值为0.63~2.31,平均值为1.17,反映岩体结晶分异程度较高;据Rb-Hf-Ta、Rb-Y+Nb、Rb-Yb+Ta 等投影图解结果,属火山弧花岗岩,岩石成因类型主要为Ⅰ(同熔)型,熔融温度较高;成岩过程与幔源岩浆的底侵作用有关,热的幔源不仅为地壳的部分熔融提供了热量,且与熔融的壳源岩浆发生了混合等地质作用,随着岩浆分异演化到一定的阶段,形成一定的矿种和矿床(矿化)类型组合,相应形成一个Pb-Zn-Ag、Pb-Zn-Mo、Mo-Pb-Zn-Cu成矿系列。