Micromechanical Model for Simulating the Fracture Process of Rock

Summary A micromechanical model is proposed to study the deformation and failure process of rock based on knowledge of heterogeneity of rock at the mesoscopic level. In this numerical model, the heterogeneity of rock at the mesoscopic level is considered by assuming the material properties in rock conform to the Weibull distribution. Elastic damage mechanics is used to describe the constitutive law of meso-level elements, the finite element method is employed as the basic stress analysis tool and the maximum tensile strain criterion as well as the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is utilized as the damage threshold. A simple method, similar to a smeared crack model, is used for tracing the crack propagation process and interaction of multiple cracks. Based on this model, a numerical simulation program named Rock Failure Process Analysis Code (RFPA) is developed. The influence of parameters that include the Weibull distribution parameters, constitutive parameters of meso-level elements and number of elements in the numerical model, are discussed in detail. It is shown that the homogeneity index is the most important factor to simulate material failure with this model. This model is able to capture the complete mechanical responses of rock, which includes the crack patterns associated with different loading stages and loading conditions, localization of deformation, stress redistribution and failure process. The numerical simulation of rock specimens under a variety of static loading conditions is presented, and the results compare well with experimental results.     

Damage to Rocks and Cementitious Materials from Solid Impact

Summary The erosion of four rock types and two cementitious materials by solid particle impact is investigated. The experimental set-up used to perform the erosion tests is briefly described. The materials are eroded predominantly by intergranular and intercrystalline fracture. For the cementitious materials, the interface between cement matrix and aggregate is of decisive importance. The power exponents for the particle velocity are estimated and found to vary between 2.59 and 3.65. A statistical fracture model is derived to discuss deviations in the particle velocity power exponent. It is further shown that the experimental results of this study confirm the erosion model of Finnie and Oh (1966); an exception is schist which shows features of plastic deformation and radial cracking during the Hertzian indentation test.     

Partial Crystallization of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts in the Crust and Mantle

Pressures at which partial crystallization occurs for mid-oceanridge basalts (MORB) have been examined by a new petrologicalmethod that is based on a parameterization of experimental datain the form of projections. Application to a global MORB glassdatabase shows that partial crystallization of olivine + plagioclase+ augite ranges from 1 atm to 1·0 GPa, in good agreementwith previous determinations, and that there are regional variationsthat generally correlate with spreading rate. MORB from fast-spreadingcenters display partial crystallization in the crust at ridgesegment centers and in both mantle and crust at ridge terminations.Fracture zones are likely to be regions where magma chambersare absent and where there is enhanced conductive cooling ofthe lithosphere at depth. MORB from slow-spreading centers displayprominent partial crystallization in the mantle, consistentwith models of enhanced conductive cooling of the lithosphereand the greater abundance of fracture zones through which theypass. In general, magmas that move through cold mantle experiencesome partial crystallization, whereas magmas that pass throughhot mantle may be comparatively unaffected. Estimated pressuresof partial crystallization indicate that the top of the partialmelting region is deeper than about 20–35 km below slow-spreadingcenters and some ridge segment terminations at fast-spreadingcenters. KEY WORDS: MORB; olivine gabbro; partial crystallization; partial melting; ridge segmentation; fracture zones; crust; mantle; lithosphere     

长江中下游地区早白垩世埃达克质岩的大地构造背景及其成矿意义

长江中下游地区是中国重要的铜资源基地之一。该成矿带广泛发育与Cu-Au成矿作用密切相关的早白垩世火成岩。大多数与成矿有关的中酸性侵入岩具有类似埃达克岩的地球化学特征,即富集Sr而贫HREE(如:Y和Yb);但它们具有负的εNd(t)值和相对富集的Sr同位素初始比值(>0.704.),因此,被称为埃达克质岩。根据岩石化学数据,研究区埃达克质侵入岩多数属于高钾钙碱性系列,部分属于钙碱性系列;而火山岩和A型花岗岩类由于其高钾和富铁特征而属于钾质碱性系列。岩石地球化学资料显示,与成矿作用有关的中酸性埃达克质侵入岩经历了复杂的成岩过程,至少包括在深位岩浆房(>35～40 km深度)的分离结晶和在高位岩浆房内的分离结晶或AFC过程两个阶段。同时不排除有下地壳直接熔融形成的埃达克质熔体参与的可能性。富钾的火山岩则是原生岩浆在深位岩浆房(>40-50 km深度)经镁铁矿物的分离结晶过程演化而来。基于长江中下游地区及其邻区的区域地质构造、早白垩世岩浆岩的岩石化学和地球化学特征和岩浆活动的时空演变特征的综合分析,推测该成矿带在早白垩世早期处于大陆边缘岩浆弧内陆一侧,岩浆活动与古太平洋板块的斜向俯冲作用有关;晚期由于俯冲板片迁移(变陡),岩浆岩具有弧后环境特征。俯冲板片上部所释放的超临界流体提高了地幔     

Detrital and pedogenic magnetic mineral phases in the loess/palaeosol sequence at Lingtai (Central Chinese Loess Plateau)

A detailed rock magnetic investigation of loess/palaeosol samples from the section at Lingtai on the central Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) is presented. Thermal demagnetisation of isothermal remanent magnetisation (IRM) and Curie temperature measurements suggest the presence of magnetite, maghemite and hematite as remanence carrying components. Bulk and grain size fractionated samples have been analysed using coercivity spectra of remanence acquisition/demagnetisation curves, which identify four main remanence carriers in different grain size fractions of loesses and palaeosols. A linear source mixing model quantifies the contribution of the four components which have been experimentally derived as dominating endmembers in specific grain size fractions. Up to two thirds of the total IRM of the palaeosols are due to slightly oxidised pedogenic magnetite. Two detrital components dominate up to 90% of the IRM of the loess samples and are ascribed to maghemite of different oxidation degree. Detrital hematite is present in all samples and contributes up to 10% of the IRM. The iron content of the grain size fractions gives evidence that iron in pedogenically grown remanence carriers does not originate from the detrital iron oxides, but rather from iron-bearing clays and mafic silicates. The contribution of pedogenic magnetite to the bulk IRM increases with the increasing degree of pedogenesis, which depends in turn on climate change.     

前兆观测资料的变化与弱震活动的关系

分析了江苏新沂地震台的短水准、地电阻率两种前兆资料的变化情况，研究了其与郯庐断裂带南段地震活动的关系。结果表明，新沂台前兆资料的变化能发现郯庐断裂带南段的强烈活动，对该断裂带上3．0级以上的地震有一定程度的反映。     

P.ecent progress in studies of experimental rock mechanics and tectonophysics in China

This paper reviews the recent progress in the studies of experimental rock mechanics and tectonophysics concern-ing seismology and physics of the Earth‘s interior in China. The progress is presented in the following aspects: a) A lot of results of experiment and numerical simulation enrich our knowledge of the brittle fracturing process under the condition with heterogeneity in material and structure; b) Some new results on frictional behavior of non-homogeneous faults reveal the complexity of faulting behavior; c) Some new results on the brittle-plastic tran-sition and plastic flow are obtained; especially the important progress is obtained on theological properties of rocks in the lower crust and the upper mantle; d) A lot of experimental results are obtained on rock physics at high tem-perature and pressure and have been used in study of material composition and state. These results provide useful information for understanding the physical properties and deformation mechanisms of material of the Earth‘s inte-rior and earthquake physics.     

鲁北和鲁西南地区古近纪盆地沉积特征与控制因素探讨

鲁北地区和鲁西南地区古近纪盆地在地层、沉积和构造演化上都具有可对比性。鲁西南露头区古近纪地层及其沉积特征的研究对鲁北覆盖区古近纪古环境的恢复和沉积特征研究起到重要的参考作用。本文对两个地区的地层和沉积特征进行了对比。根据官庄群在鲁西南地区的沉积分布，发现了在晚白垩世至早始新世鲁西南盆地发生时间有从南向北、由东向西推迟的规律。通过对鲁西南和济阳塌陷沉积和断层发育特征的对比研究发现，郯庐断裂在晚侏罗世至早始新世以左旋剪切活动为主，派生了鲁西南和济阳塌陷NW向的断层；早始新世末期是一个构造转型期，鲁西南和济阳塌陷发育了近EW向的断层；中、晚始新世是郯庐砌裂右旋剪切活动员强烈的时期，鲁西南和济阳塌陷发育了NE向断层。     

裂隙参数对P波的影响及裂隙检测可行性数值研究

在油气勘探、工程探测等领域中，各向同性介质的背景上，因存在裂隙导致各向异性，描述裂隙的两个主要参数是裂隙密度和裂隙方位。这里以Hudson理论为基础，通过数值计算，分析了描述裂隙介质的两个主要参数对P波速度和衰减的影响，同时，分析了利用P波属性检测裂隙发育带的可行性。     

裂缝宽度的定量计算及储层流体类型识别

在辽河测井公司完成的声电成像模拟井的基础上,利用声波成像测井资料建立了定量计算裂缝宽度的方法,并应用该方法评价储层裂缝参数,进而通过综合研究识别储层流体类型,在辽河油田复杂岩性储层取得了良好的应用效果.