新疆艾比湖主要入湖河流同位素及水化学特征的季节变化

通过野外调查取样和室内测试分析,利用水文化学以及氢氧稳定同位素技术,分析艾比湖主要入湖河流氢氧同位素及水化学的组成特征,并探讨其季节性变化.结果表明：地表水水质指标高值多出现于博乐市、温泉市和精河县及艾比湖湿地附近,主要污染为水体富营养化、工矿业污染以及有机质污染,其污染程度夏、秋季高于春、冬季.河水的δ¹⁸O与δ²H存在明显的线性关系,其相关指数为夏季（R²=0.99） > 春季（R²=0.98） > 秋季（R²=0.96） > 冬季（R²=0.90）,均沿当地大气降水线分布,受西北干旱区强烈的蒸发作用影响,各季节河流斜率均小于8,氘过量参数值多为正值.博尔塔拉河与精河地表水体δ¹⁸O值整体上表现为沿流程逐渐偏正的趋势,博尔塔拉河水体氢氧同位素与高程相关指数表现为春季（R²=0.70） > 冬季（R²=0.57） > 夏季（R²=0.45） > 秋季（R²=0.30）,精河因其海拔差异不大,流程简短,与高程相关性低.博尔塔拉河和精河氢氧同位素与氯化物、硫酸盐、五日生物需氧量等指标间存在相关性,且在夏、秋季最大,相关系数R>0.75,与总磷、Cu²⁺、色度、浊度等指标基本都不显著相关,相关系数R<0.25.     

The life history of the Ibero-Maghrebian endemic Oligoneuriopsis skhounate Dakki and Guidicelli (Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae)

As an essential component of lotic habitats, aquatic insects have commonly been used as bio-indicators of the ecological integrity of lotic habitats. However, recent large-scale declines have given rise to concerns about freshwater ecosystems functioning correctly. During three consecutive years, we surveyed Wadi Cherf, Upper Seybouse, Algeria, and employed the size-frequency distribution of head capsule width to sketch the life history of Oligoneuriopsis skhounate, an Ibero-Maghrebian endemic mayfly, whose distribution and ecology are not so well-known known. O. skhounate exhibited a seasonal univoltine summer cycle with growth and development taking place during the warmest period of the year (late spring to early autumn). The absence of nymphs during winter and the presence of last instar nymphs from July to November suggested a lengthy egg diapause, following the aestivo-autumnal emergence and reproduction. The study also raises the issue of freshwater biodiversity conservation in North Africa by highlighting the case of O. skhounate, acting as an indicator species of important but vulnerable aquatic ecosystems.     

The long-term stability of engineered landforms of the Ranger Uranium Mine,Northern Territory,Australia: application of a catchment evolution model

There is a need to assess the long-term stability of engineered landforms associated with the rehabilitation of Ranger Uranium Mine, Northern Territory, Australia, as it is a requirement that mill tailings must be contained for periods in excess of 1000 years. The geomorphic model, SIBERIA, is calibrated on hydrologic and erosion data collected by a combination of monitoring and rainfall simulation experiments on the waste rock dumps of Ranger. Preliminary analysis of Ranger's preferred above-grade option suggests that erosion of the order of 7 to 8 m will occur on the structure in a period of 1000 years. This depth of erosion may be sufficient to compromise the integrity of containment. It is shown that SIBERIA has significant advantages over steady-state erosion models. Suggestions are made for the design that will enhance the stability of the structure and extend the structural life of the containment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Alpine Ecosystems of Northwest Yunnan, China： an Initial Assessment for Conservation

Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many unique species that have not been well studied,such as the alpine zone of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwest Yunnan (NWY),a global biodiversity hotspot and site of The Nature Conservancy’s Yunnan Great Rivers Project. We conducted a quantitative,but rapid regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across NWY to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the alpine flora,the first large-scale analysis of alpine biodiversity patterns in this region. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community types and link community patterns to habitat variables. Our analysis indicated that most species had small distributions and/or small population sizes. Strong patterns emerged with higher diversity in the more northern mountains,but beta diversity was high,averaging only 10% among sites. The ordinations indicated that elevation and geographic location were the dominant environ-mental gradients underlying the differences in the species composition among communities. The high beta diversity across the alpine of these mountains implies that conservation strategies ultimately will require the protection of large numbers of species over a large geographical area. However,prioritiza-tion should be given to areas where potential payoffs are greatest. Sites with high species richness also have a greater number of endemic species,and,by focusing efforts on these sites,conservation investments would be maximized by protecting the greatest number of unique species.     

Carbon dioxide dynamics in rivers and coastal waters of the “big island” of Hawaii,USA, during baseline and heavy rain conditions

The distributions of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) and total alkalinity (TA) were examined for a 6-month period in the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers and coastal waters of Hilo Bay on the west coast of the Island of Hawaii, USA. Main results for the largest and turbulent Wailuku River show in the watershed an oversaturation in CO₂ with respect to atmospheric equilibrium and a CO₂ undersaturation in the estuary. In the Wailoa river-estuary system, extremely high pCO₂ values ranging from 1500 to 10500 ppm were measured with significant shifts in pCO₂ from drought to flood period. In the two rivers, water residence time, groundwater inputs and occasional flood events are the predominant drivers of the spatial and temporal patterns in the distribution of pCO₂. In Hilo Bay, CO₂ oversaturation dominates and the bay was a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere during the study period. TA is conservative along the salinity gradient, indicating calcification in the bay is not a significant source of CO₂ to the atmosphere.     

A global river routing network for use in hydrological modeling

In this paper a relatively simple procedure is presented to construct a global river routing network on a 0.5° latitude–longitude grid. In this network all grid cells in a catchment are coupled and have a flow direction, making it a useful tool in the modeling of river flow on a global scale. The flow directions are based on a digital elevation model and on information on the locations of major rivers (‘stream burning’). The presented river routing network is specifically designed for the assessment of fresh water shortages. We tested the validity of the river routing network by comparing the computed drainage areas with published estimates. This comparison revealed a good similarity and it is concluded that the presented river routing network has sufficient quality to be implemented in global climate models. This could mean a considerable improvement of the surface parameterization in these models.     

Medium and short-term channel planform changes on the Rivers Tay and Tummel, Scotland

Channel planform change was analysed using a variety of data-sources for the medium-term (>25 years and <250 years) and short-term (<25 years) on a reach of the Rivers Tay and Tummel, Scotland. Map data were input into a Geographic Information System (GIS) and used to determine planform characteristics and changes in width, braiding index and sinuosity for the study reach between 1755 and 1976. Aerial photographs were utilised to determine the more recent changes that had taken place between 1971 and 1994. The analysis showed that significant changes had occurred over the medium term with a mean reduction in channel width of 34% for this period. These changes are comparable to those found in studies of similar European rivers for this period. Changes determined for the short-term displayed a continuance of this trend at a comparable rate of change. An analysis of flood frequency and magnitude, precipitation and discharge records for both periods does not show an associated decrease and therefore does not reflect the changes in channel planform. Evidence points towards flood embankment construction in the mid-1800s as the initial cause of channel change for the study reach which was later exacerbated by flow regulation. Incision and the subsequent stabilisation of lateral and mid-channel gravel bars by vegetation succession has resulted in an overall increase in the stability of the study reach which has persisted even where the embankments have fallen into disrepair.     

长江-黄河源区未来气候情景下的生态环境变化

在IPCC的情景下,青藏高原到2100年气温将上升2～3.6℃,最大的升温将出现在冬季,降水模式将会逐渐发生改变,从北部的增加到西南的减少.对于江河源区的范围,到2100年增温在2.4～3.2℃,降水量增加约-50～200mm.植被群落在气候变化条件将发生明显变化,温带草原到寒温带针叶林群落的面积增加,而温带荒漠到冰缘荒漠的面积都缩小,分布界线向更高的海拔高度迁移.到2100年气温上升3℃,降水不变则冰川长度小于4km以下的冰川大都消失,整个长江源区的冰川面积将减少约60%以上.如果考虑降水增加,冰川面积在2100年气候条件下减少约40%,将从现在的1168.18km²减少到00km²左右,冰川融水的比重也将会由现在的占河流总径流的25%下降到18%.另外,由于冰川大量退缩,草地和湿地蒸发量加大,许多湖泊将会退缩和干涸,沼泽地退化、沙化扩展,草地退化等一系列严重的生态问题将更加突出.     

《山海经》中的“东山”区位地理考古研究

《山海经》是一部中国最古老的地理著作。其中“五藏山经”篇中所讲的西、南、北、中山都分布在中国大陆,只有东山的记述在国内一直找不到,三千多年来我国古书上多“无注”或称“其山水无可考”。美国女学者亨利埃特·默茨(HenrietteMertz)通过实地考察后所写的《淡淡的墨迹(Palegnk-TosoOreientRecordsofChineseExplorationinAmerica1953)》证明“东山”海外部分竟分布在美洲大陆,它们就是落基山脉、内华达山脉、喀斯喀特山脉以及海岸山脉,它们的距离,山峰数与动植物的种类与《山海经》记载的都基本相同。该书主题提示这样写的:“《山海经》-印第安人-中国的影响-美洲-中国人的发现和探索”。书中结语还特别强调:“对于在4000年左右,就已踏着白雪皑皑的山顶和峻峭的山峰而徒步考察无畏的中国人后面,我们所能做的,首先要向他们顶礼膜拜、鞠躬致敬。”     

Conflict in Common: Heritage-making in Cape York

The outstanding natural and cultural values of Cape York have been acknowledged for decades, but those decades have been characterised by deep conflict. Non-government organisation intervention in local politics has seen a forceful push for nominating some or all of the Cape York Peninsula as a World Heritage Site. We illuminate the authorised heritage discourse at work in heritage-making, and highlight contested issues of ownership, governance, authenticity, and value. These themes contribute to the possibility of marginalising the voices of local people who wish to contribute to heritage-making in Cape York. Politics infuses all aspects of heritage-making in Cape York, and the specific experiences on Cape York reflect larger political processes occurring in World Heritage discourse. The paper draws on interviews undertaken in May and June 2012.