我国无居民海岛管理现状、问题及建议

无居民海岛是我国自然资源的重要组成部分。为加快推进生态文明建设,党和国家对我国自然资源的管理提出了新的要求。文章采用问题和目标导向的研究方法,通过对我国无居民海岛管理的历史遗留问题、管理能力、管理体系和信息化建设等方面进行分析,提出了分类处置历史遗留用岛,优化精细化分类管理体系、完善海岛管理制度体系、完善海岛数据更新体系等建议,对提升我国无居民海岛管理水平,实施海洋强国战略具有重要的意义。     

浅谈测绘成果的应用与保密管理模式

测绘成果是国民经济建设、国防建设和科学研究的基础资料;对社会持续发展、国土的合理开发和整治、资源的综合利用和有效管理、自然灾害的预测和优化生产力的总体布局、规划管理与决策等,都具有十分重要的意义。测绘成果是国家的宝贵财富,属于国家机密,各个测绘资料归口管理部门有责任提高认识,重视测绘资料的归口管理工作,在保证国家安全和利益的前提下,使之最大限度地满足社会各界的需求。     

地理信息技术发展的新方向——网格GIS初探

网格GIS是网格及网格计算技术与GIS相结合而形成的新的GIS发展方向,具有空间资源共享、海量空间数据存储与处理、异地协同工作与异构系统支持等功能,在城市管理、房地产管理、资源勘测与调查等方面具有十分重要的作用。本文在分析网格GIS的概念及其特征的基础上,提出了网格GIS的四层结构体系,并简要介绍了网格GIS实现的关键技术。     

论城市地下管线MIS与城市规划管理的关系——以胶南市城市地下管线MIS为例

在分析山东省胶南市城市地下管线M IS的基础上,从两个方面论述了城市地下管线与城市规划管理的关系,认为城市地下管线M IS和城市规划管理之间相互作用、互为补充、关系密切。城市地下管线M IS为城市规划管理工作提供了准确而有现势性的基础资料,提高了规划管理的工作效能和城市规划管理水平;城市规划管理保障了城市地下管线M IS数据的动态更新和现势性,实现地下管线从规划设计审批竣工测量,到系统数据更新的全过程动态管理。     

我国大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理研究进展

在我国,以城市轨道交通、高速公路网建设、高速铁路网建设、重大水利工程建设等为代表的大型岩土工程具有尺度大、施工周期长、操作复杂和工程安全状况堪忧的特点。不同类型的安全事故持续不断,造成的经济损失和人员伤亡居高不下。概括总结了2010－2017年间我国大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理研究方面的主要进展,包括：（1）大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理重大科技项目、成果奖励、规范;（2）大型岩土工程施工安全风险分析与评估方法方面研究进展;（3）大型岩土工程施工安全风险监控与预警方面研究进展;（4）大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理信息化技术与平台方面研究进展;（5）大型岩土工程施工安全风险智能化分析与控制方面研究进展。基于我国大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理研究方面主要进展的分析,提出了我国大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理方面面临的新挑战：（1）定量化风险评估理论和技术的应用推广;（2）风险决策理论;（3）推行全过程安全风险管理计划;（4）构建岩土工程安全事故案例共享平台;（5）基于大数据挖掘技术的岩土工程参数分析与控制;（6）智慧岩土工程研究和建设。     

An indicator-based adaptive management framework and its development for data-limited fisheries in Belize

Decisions regarding the selection and implementation of management strategies that constrain fishing pressure can be among the most difficult choices that fisheries managers and stakeholders must make. These types of decisions often need to be confronted in a data-limited context, where few if any management measures are currently in place or fisheries are managed independent of adequate scientific advice. This situation can sometimes create a high risk of overfishing and potential loss of economic and social benefits. To address this situation, simple model-free indicator-based frameworks have the potential to be effective decision-making platforms for fisheries where quantitative estimates of biomass and fishing mortality based reference points are lacking. In this paper, a multi-indicator framework is developed that enables decision-makers to proceed with management decisions in data-limited situations. Model-free indicators are calculated using trends in observed data, rather than stock assessment derived estimates of biomass and fishing mortality. The framework developed is adaptive so that adjustments to catch or effort are recursive and can respond to changing environments, socioeconomic conditions, and fishing practices. Using stakeholder-defined objectives as a foundation, indicators and reference points of fishery performance are chosen that can be evaluated easily by undertaking analyses of available data. Indicators from multiple data streams are used so that uncertainty in one indicator can be hedged through careful interpretation and corroboration of information from alternative indicators. During the adaptive management cycle, managers and stakeholders evaluate each indicator against the associated reference points to determine performance measures, interpret the results using scientific and local knowledge, and adjust fishery management tactics accordingly using pre-defined harvest control rules. The framework facilitates the interpretation of situations in which performance measures suggest divergent stock abundance or productivity levels. A case study is presented on this framework's development for conch and lobster fisheries of Belize.     

Discard management: A spatial multi-criteria approach

Discard management needs to draw on scientific research and advice, usually supported by specific statistical modeling analysis. A wide range of statistical analysis methods were applied to fishery data in an attempt to distinguish factors that influence the species discard composition. While such approaches are important, they are still incomplete for disaggregating the economic and spatial-temporal factors for analyzing of this process and obtain a whole view of this issue. Our study aims to fill this gap by identifying, describing, and quantifying factors that influence discards of trawl fisheries using a multivariate approach based on five complementary aspects: “economic”, “vessel characteristics”, “spatial”, “temporal” and “environmental”. In addition, a spatial multi-criteria approach were used to investigate discard hot-spot areas using ecological criteria such as vulnerability and resilience of the discarded species. Using these ecological criteria will concentrate conservation efforts on the most relevant sites minimizing discards of a variety of potentially vulnerable species. This approach was applied to a case study of a multi-species demersal bottom trawl fisheries in north Spain, Cantabrian Sea (ICES area VIIIc). Results showed how spatial and economic factors highly affect species discard composition, identifying specific spatial-temporal discard hot-spots to be preferentially avoided by fishers. Mitigation measures for future fisheries management strategies should be implemented at multiple stages of the discarding process, both in the selection of the fishing grounds and the economic valorization of the discarded species.     

Anthropogenic threat assessment of marine-associated fauna in Spencer Gulf,South Australia

Assessing the vulnerability of species to [anthropogenic threats is an essential step when developing management strategies for wild populations. With industrial development forecasted to increase in Spencer Gulf, South Australia, it is crucial to assess the ongoing effects of anthropogenic threats to resident and migratory species. Expert elicitation was used to assess 27 threats against 38 threatened, protected, and iconic marine-associated species. Species and threat interactions were assessed individually, and as taxonomic or functional groups. Climate change had the greatest overall exposure (c.f. risk) across species, followed by disturbance, pollution, disease/invasive species, and fishing/aquaculture threats. The largest overall sensitivities (c.f. consequences) were pollution and disease/invasive species, followed by climate change, disturbance and fishing/aquaculture threats. Vulnerability scores (exposure x sensitivity) showed the climate change group posing the greatest overall threat in Spencer Gulf, with individual climatic threats ranking as three of the top four biggest threats to most animal groups. Noise, shipping, and net fishing were considered the greatest region-specific individual threats to marine mammals; as were trawl fishing, line fishing, and coastal activities to fish/cuttlefish; trawl fishing, line fishing, and net fishing to elasmobranchs; and oil spill, disease, and coastal activities to sea/shorebirds. Eighteen of the 20 highest vulnerability scores involved the short-beaked common dolphin, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, and Australian sea lion, highlighting the particular susceptibility of these species to specific threats. These findings provide a synthesis of key threats and vulnerable species, and give management a basis to direct future monitoring and threat mitigation efforts in the region.     

Environmental management frameworks for offshore mining: the New Zealand approach

The New Zealand region contains untapped natural mineral, oil, and gas resources while also supporting globally unique and diverse faunal communities that need to be managed sustainably. In this paper key information from the international literature is reviewed that can underpin an Environmental Mining Management System which includes elements of Environmental Risk Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Planning. This paper focuses on four developing areas of seafloor mining activities presently being undertaken or planned in the New Zealand region: hydrocarbons (oil and gas), minerals, ironsands and phosphorite nodules. A number of issues with the implementation of environmental management systems are identified including the difficulty of assessing new marine activities or technologies and the need for standardised reporting metrics. Finally, the development of ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning is discussed which will be required to enhance environmental mining management frameworks in New Zealand.     

Institutions and governance in the European Common Fisheries Policy: An empirical study of Spanish fishers' attitudes toward greater participation

Public participation in the decision-making process is a key element of good governance. In its latest proposals for reforming the Common Fisheries Policy, the European Commission acknowledges that management measures lack legitimacy without input from the fishers themselves and thus underscores the need to increase it and adapt it to local or regional conditions. This study analyzes Spanish fishermen's own views about their participation in the decision-making process. The results show that most fishers are in favor of more participation by themselves and by regional governments in the decision-making process.