Environmental management frameworks for offshore mining: the New Zealand approach

The New Zealand region contains untapped natural mineral, oil, and gas resources while also supporting globally unique and diverse faunal communities that need to be managed sustainably. In this paper key information from the international literature is reviewed that can underpin an Environmental Mining Management System which includes elements of Environmental Risk Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Planning. This paper focuses on four developing areas of seafloor mining activities presently being undertaken or planned in the New Zealand region: hydrocarbons (oil and gas), minerals, ironsands and phosphorite nodules. A number of issues with the implementation of environmental management systems are identified including the difficulty of assessing new marine activities or technologies and the need for standardised reporting metrics. Finally, the development of ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning is discussed which will be required to enhance environmental mining management frameworks in New Zealand.     

Business case for mussel aquaculture in offshore wind farms in the North Sea

The European Blue Growth strategy aims to expand the new maritime sectors of aquaculture, energy, biotechnology, coastal tourism and mineral mining. Growth of these sectors will increases pressure on the seas, particularly on those areas that are densely used by traditional sectors such as fisheries and transport. This has triggered interest in developing multiuse of space and multiuse platforms at sea. This paper assesses the feasibility of offshore mussel production project in wind farms by design and ex-ante evaluation of a mussel aquaculture system in the North Sea. A system for mussel cultivation in the Dutch Borssele offshore wind farm was designed, producing both mussel seed and consumption-sized mussels with semi-submerged longlines. Based on the economic model and the risk assessment, this paper concludes that mussel aquaculture is an appealing commercial model for increased returns in offshore wind farms. The economic models shows that the internal rate of return and net present value are positive and based on the sensitivity analysis, it can be concluded that these results are robust.     

高频GNSS形变波的震相识别：模拟实验与实例分析

高频GNSS震时形变波震相及识别是GNSS地震学的重要内容.在实时数据处理基础上,本文利用振动台的高频GNSS观测实验,并结合近期部分大震的高频GNSS形变波震相特征进行研究.数据处理结果表明,实时处理与事后处理的精度在同一量级,且与采样率无关.通过与同址观测强震仪和地震计记录的对比及特定震相的频谱分析,发现高频GNSS可完整记录P波、S波、Love波及Rayleigh波震相,影响震相记录的主要因素是GNSS定位精度与震级,而仅当震中距很小时,采样率将产生一定影响.研究结果得出：基于地震波传播规律,利用高频GNSS台阵记录的形变波空间分段特征,结合震相运动轨迹及其他地震波记录,可实现实时高频GNSS形变波的震相识别.     

Distribution and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides residues in sediments and Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) from along the Mid-Western coast of Korea

The distribution and bioaccumulation features of PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs were investigated in the sediments and Manila clams collected from along the Mid-Western coast of Korea. The measured concentrations of ΣPCBs, ΣDDTs and ΣHCHs were 1.08–3.5, 0.12–0.35 and 0.090–0.30 ng g⁻¹ dw in sediment, and 33–390, 7.4–46 and 6.3–27 ng g⁻¹ lipid in Manila clam, respectively. Their levels were found to be relatively lower than those of other contaminated areas and the consumption of Manila clam from these areas seems to be safe for human health according to calculated lifetime cancer risk and hazard indices. The ΣPCBs and ΣDDTs concentrations in sediments showed a significant relationship to those in clams. The significant correlation was observed between BSAF in clams and K_ow for each PCB congeners and DDT metabolites. These findings support that the PCBs and DDTs levels, which are highly hydrophobic chemicals, in clam reflect the sediment pollution through bioaccumulation.     

基于增量动力分析和纤维模型的矮塔斜拉桥结构抗震性能研究

基于OpenSees软件及其纤维模型的有限元方法,建立了典型矮塔斜拉桥的非线性数值分析模型,分析各构件的抗震性能指标。采用动力增量分析法（即IDA方法）,对结构进行了非线性动力时程分析,分别探讨了在纵桥向和横桥向地震作用下矮塔斜拉桥结构的构件破坏规律。分析了在不同加速度峰值情况下,矮塔斜拉桥主塔和边墩沿高度变化的应变包络图、主梁内力包络图及支座位移包络图。结果表明：与一般斜拉桥性能要求不同,矮塔斜拉桥的主塔可以发生损伤,塔底和边墩墩底为主要控制截面,支座在纵桥向地震组合作用下较易发生破坏,拉索和主梁是不易损伤的构件,主梁内力包络图的分布情况随着地震峰值的增加发生变化。     

一个"移径北翘台风"的环流及结构特征

0307号台风“伊布都”进入南海后一度西北偏西方向移动,但登陆前12h,移向突然折向西北,特别是登陆前3h移径明显北翘,直向偏北方向移动。通过分析大气环流形势、卫星云图以及雷达探测资料,发现副高轴“东落西抬”、副高减弱以及台风“9”字型螺旋结构改变均对台风的北翘有很好的指示作用。另外,副高控制下的“晴空区”有零星对流云发生,也对副高的减弱有很好的预示作用。     

珠海年降雨量的多时间尺度变化

利用Morlet小波分析方法,对珠海市40年（1961—2000年）的年降雨量和气温资料进行计算和分析,得出：珠海的年降雨量存在比较完整的明显准22年的周期振荡,它有两个降雨偏少中心（1960—1970年和1980—1990年）和两个降雨偏多中心（1970—1980年和1990—2000年）,历经40年的全过程,因而具有长期预测意义。还有其它22年以下的较短周期振荡,但多不具全局性变化特征。从对28、12和4年周期的小波方差随时间变化来看,28年周期存在两个突变点（1974年和1987年）,而且降水和气温的变化趋势是一致的。从12年和4年周期看,降雨和气温的变化趋势是相反的。     

Robustness of the holistic seismic risk evaluation in urban centers using the USRi

The Urban Seismic Risk index (USRi) published in a previous article (Carreño et al., Nat Hazards 40:137–172, 2007) is a composite indicator that measures risk from an integrated perspective and guides decision-making for identifying the main interdisciplinary factors of vulnerability to be reduced or intervened. The first step of the method is the evaluation of the potential physical damage (hard approach) as a result of the convolution of the seismic hazard with the physical vulnerability of buildings and infrastructure. Subsequently, a set of social context conditions that aggravate the physical effects is also considered (soft approach). According to this procedure, the physical risk index is evaluated for each unit of analysis from existing loss scenarios, whereas the total risk index is obtained by multiplying the former index by an impact factor using an aggravating coefficient, based on variables associated with the socio-economic conditions of each unit of analysis. The USRi has been developed using the underlying holistic and multi-hazard approach of the Urban Risk Index framework proposed for the evaluation of disaster risk in different megacities worldwide. This article presents the sensitivity analysis of the index to different parameters such as input data, weights and transformation functions used for the scaling or normalization of variables. This analysis has been performed using the Monte Carlo simulation to validate the robustness of this composite indicator, understanding as robustness how the cities maintain the ranking as well as predefined risk level ranges, when compared with the deterministic results of risk. Results are shown for different cities of the world.     

近50年汕头市气候演变特征分析

本文运用统计学方法对汕头市近50多年气象资料进行气候演变特征分析,得到了一些对本地区年平均气温和年总降水量有预测意义的结果。