Surface water quality and sediment geochemistry in the Gualaxo do Norte basin,eastern Quadrilátero Ferrífero,Minas Gerais,Brazil

This paper describes the geochemistry of water and sediment samples downstream from two iron mines in the Gualaxo do Norte River basin, north of Mariana city, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, E_h, Na, K, Ca, Mg and trace elements (Fe, Mn, Al, Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, As, Pb, Co, Sb, Cu, Mo, Rb, Sr, Ti, V, Y, Zr and Ba) have been analysed in water and sediments. The observed Na anomalies are mainly associated with the iron mine processing plants. Enriched concentrations of iron and manganese were only observed in rudimentary gold exploitation areas (prospectors) and where supergenic alteration of the banded iron formation has occurred. Iron and manganese background values are in some places higher than the limits established by Brazilian legislation. Mn, As, Sb and Ba anomalies have been observed in sediments. Their main source is associated with the sulphide-rich mineral deposits in the spring of the Gualaxo do Norte River and not directly related to the present iron exploitation in the region. Background values are proposed for the studied region.     

Influence of a glacial buzzsaw on the height and morphology of the Cascade Range in central Washington State, USA

Analysis of climatic and topographic evidence from the Cascade Range of Washington State indicates that glacial erosion limits the height and controls the morphology of this range. Glacial erosion linked to long-term spatial gradients in the ELA created a tilted, planar zone of 373 cirques across the central part of the range; peaks and ridges now rise ≤600 m above this zone. Hypsometric analysis of the region shows that the proportion of land area above the cirques drops sharply, and mean slopes >30° indicate that the areas above the cirques may be at or near threshold steepness. The mean plus 1σ relief of individual cirque basins (570 m) corresponds to the ∼600-m envelope above which peaks rarely rise. The summit altitudes are set by a combination of higher rates of glacial and paraglacial erosion above the ELA and enhanced hillslope processes due to the creation of steep topography. On the high-precipitation western flank of the Cascades, the dominance of glacial and hillslope erosion at altitudes at and above the ELA may explain the lack of a correspondence between stream-power erosion models and measured exhumation rates from apatite (U-Th/He) thermochronometry.     

Hydrochemical relationships in groundwater from central São Paulo State, Brazil

Groundwater samples from different aquifers occurring at center/northeast portion of São Paulo State, Brazil, were collected and chemically analyzed. The waters leaching Mesozoic sediments are generally more acid (pH_average=5.9) and have lower values for total dissolved solids (TDS_average=105 mg/L) than those obtained for waters leaching Paleozoic sediments of Tubarão Group. First-degree trend surfaces revealed that the deeper tubular wells occur towards east/southeast and exploit Paleozoic sediments as well fractured/fissured diabases/basalts, whereas the tubular wells in the west/northwest region are shallower. Piper diagrams indicated that the majority of the waters are a blend of waters from different lithologies. Significant correlations were found among nitrate, chloride and bicarbonate, suggesting the occurrence of some anthropogenic inputs, whereas elevated alpha activity of geogenic ²²⁶Ra indicated the need of a broad radiometric survey in the area.     

THE DENSITIES OF CHANGJIANG ESTUARINE WATERS

The International Eq一lation of State of Seawater,1980 and the PraeticalSalinity Scale,1978 have been adoPted by theUNESCO江CES沼COR八APSOJoint Panel ono‘eanogral,hie Tables and Standards(JPOTS),and endorsed bythese organizati6ns(Miller‘〕and Poisson,1981;Uneseo,1981).Th已new equa-tion and the Praetieal Salinity Seale are to be used for all values Published fromJan .1,1982 .The new equation 15 aeeurate for use in all oeeanie surfaee waters,but eannot be aeeurately aPPlied to…     

SNOWSHED CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NOOKSACK RIVER WATERSHED,NORTH CASCADES RANGE,WASHINGTON*

ABSTRACT. Meltwater contributes to watershed hydrology by increasing summer discharge, delaying the peak spring runoff, and decreasing variability in runoff. High‐elevation snowshed meltwater, including glacier‐derived input, provides an estimated 26.9 percent of summer streamflow (ranging annually from 16 to 40 percent) in the Nooksack River Basin above the town of Deming, Washington, in the North Cascades Range. The Nooksack is a major spawning river for salmon and once was important for commercial, recreational, and tribal fishing, and in the past its flow met the demands of both human and aquatic ecosystems. But the river is already legally overallocated, and demand is rising in response to the rapidly growing human population. Variability in snowshed contributions to the watershed is considerable but has increased from an average of 25.2 percent in the 1940s to an average of 30.8 percent in the 1990s. Overall stream discharge shows no significant increase, suggesting that the glaciers are melting, and/or precipitation levels (or other hydrologic factors) are decreasing at about the same rate. If glaciers continue to recede, they may disappear permanently from the Cascades. If that occurs, their summer contribution to surface‐water supplies will cease, and water‐management policies will need drastic revision.     

天津滨海新区区域发展过程研究

以天津经济新区－滨海新区为例，以1993－2000年相关统计资料为基础，通过其发展过程和影响因素分析，探讨区域发展特点，滨海新区的研究表明，在我国由计划经济向市场经济体制转型时期，小区域发展是一个相当复杂的过程，政府在滨海新区的发展过程中始终扮演重要角色，中央政府通过经济政策创造宏观发展环境，影响区域发展，地方政府是地方发展战略的决策者，通过促进经济增长引导区域发展方向，形成区域特色，地方开发条件是影响区域发展的基本因素，其在开发的初期阶段尤为重要，它是政府发展战略形成和外商投资选择的基础，环渤海城市间的竞争与联合对天津滨海新区的发展亦产生重大影响。     

震源构造发震概率的初步研究

“入”字型构造是一种发震构造几何类型。它亦即是一种重要的震源构造。本文用“入”型为造为例,以它的力学模拟计算数据为基础给出了一个计算震源构造发震概率的粗算方法。 本文取Poisson分布为震源构造处发震概率对有关物理量分布的原型。按我们的数据,一个具体构造的发震概率与震源处应变能密度最大值(e_max),最大破裂值(F_max)和泊松比倒数(1/v)的各自增减有关。为确定一个震源构造的发震概率,可先计算它在不同参数下的典型力学情况,然后以e_max,F_max和1/v作独立变量分别算出单位增量的发震概率。最后,再按公式P(e_max,F_max,v)=Ak(e_max-e°_max)(F_max-F°_amx)(1/v-1/v°)×exp{-(100η_1(e_max一e°_max)+100η_2(F_max-F°_max)+η_3(1/v-1/v°))} 计算该震源处的发震概率,其中e°_max,F_max和v°分别为它们的标准值,A与e_max,F_max和1/v单位增量发震概率有关,而放大系数k则与震源区断层本构律、其它有关物性和震源规模有关。 本文为从力学的数学实验计算数据提供了一个寻求震源处发震概率的初步方法。为此,本文已对本方法做过某些理论上的论证。从实际结果看,我们认为本方法有某种合理性,且结合实际可把它使用于其它几何构造类型。     

惯性测量数据的最优实时处理方法

如何提高惯性测量的精度,是惯性测量工作者面临的主要问题。本文首先对目前惯性测量系统中采用的几种实时处理方法进行了分析和比较,提出一种改进的卡尔曼滤波算法。仿真结果表明:改进的卡尔曼滤波算法较卡尔曼滤波定位精度高。     

Origin of Dissolved Groundwater Sulphate in Coastal Plain Sediments of the Rio de la Plata, Eastern Argentina

Groundwater of the coastal plain of the Rio de La Plata, Argentina,contains up to 17 g L^-1 SO₄ and 37 gL^-1 TDS. Some of this SO₄ is from paleo-seawater intrusion; however, SO₄ : Cl ratios can be>2 : 1, and most of the SO₄ must, therefore, have another source. Three possible sources were investigated: gypsum, organic matter,and iron sulphides. Dissolved SO₄ showed δ³⁴S valuesfrom -7 to 0‰, typical values for S from iron sulphides or organicmatter, but distinct from that of seawater (+22‰). To test whetherthe SO₄ was derived from oxidation of reduced S, four 4-mcores were taken from marine sediments of the coastal plain. Two were takenfrom higher, drier areas where the highest dissolved SO₄values were encountered, and two were taken from lower, wetter areas thathad much lower SO₄ concentrations. Pore waterSO₄, Cl and alkalinity were determined; solids were analyzedfor SO₄, sulphide-S and organic-S. Sulphide-S was the dominant form of reduced S, averaging about0.5% S in the lower interval (2.5–4 m) of the cores. Sulphidewas absent in the upper 2.5 m in both topographically higher and lowerareas. Sulphate was present in the entire unit in the higher, drier areas,but almost absent in lower areas. Organic-S was insignificant. Our model for the origin of dissolved SO₄ is: fine-grainedpyrite was oxidized during hotter or drier periods. Some resulting dissolvedSO₄ was precipitated as gypsum. Iron from the pyriteprecipitated as FeOOH. Lower, wetter areas formed over time where recharginggroundwater dissolved most of the gypsum. In higher areas with low hydraulicgradients and high net evapotranspiration, SO₄ remained asgypsum and in the dissolved phase. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.