珠江口盆地重要不整合界面与珠江沉积体系演化分析

以珠江口盆地区域二维地震资料、钻井资料为基础, 结合南海扩张演化历史, 重点研究了盆地内部重要不整合面、盆地演化以及对珠江沉积体系演化的控制作用, 旨在为南海北部珠江沉积体系深水油气勘探提供支持和参考。研究结果表明:珠江口盆地除基底外, 发育三个重要的不整合面, 即破裂不整合、陆坡跃迁不整合和陆坡坡度突变不整合;据此将珠江口盆地珠江沉积体系演化划分为四个阶段:裂陷期主要发育河流、湖泊相沉积;断陷陆坡期主要发育陆架边缘三角洲沉积(前积层较陡);拗陷缓陆坡期发育陆架边缘三角洲沉积(前积层较缓);拗陷陡陆坡期主要为三角洲-海底峡谷-海底扇沉积。断陷陆坡期与拗陷缓坡期陆架边缘三角洲的勘探, 应沿陆架坡折横向去勘探;而拗陷陡陆坡期三角洲-海底峡谷-海底扇, 应采取纵向勘探的思路, 垂直于陆架坡折方向寻找油气。     

古湖岸线确定及其对优质储集层控制--以鄂尔多斯盆地北部地区盒8段为例

古湖岸线是历史时期湖平面与古陆地的交线,是陆上和水下沉积的分界线。确定古湖岸线的位置对于油气勘探起着重要的指导作用。在利用泥岩颜色、泥岩X衍射分析以及自然伽马曲线特征等常规湖岸线识别方法的基础上,从有机岩石学分析的全新角度认识研究区盒8段沉积环境,确定了盒8期古湖岸线具体位置及湖岸线摆动区。沉积盆地中古湖岸线控制了优质储集层的形成与发育,由于砂岩粒度、软岩屑含量、填隙物组成的差异以及后期成岩作用导致水上沉积带砂岩物性要优于岸线摆动沉积带和水下沉积带砂岩。     

松辽盆地北部青山口组重力流特征研究及其地质意义

为在陆相湖盆寻找有利勘探目标,在岩芯观察和沉积、构造分析的基础上,对岩芯观察资料、三维地震资料、钻井资料和测井曲线资料等进行了较为详细的研究。研究表明,松辽盆地北部青山口组发育广泛的湖相泥岩沉积,沉积相主要为三角洲平原、三角洲内前缘、三角洲外前缘、深湖-半深湖和滨湖。湖区发育大规模重力流沉积,该区发现的重力流沉积主要有滑动岩型、滑塌岩型、碎屑流型、浊积岩型等类型;重力流岩石学特征表明青山口组二段下部的重力流沉积,主要为滑动岩型和滑塌型,岩性主要以粉砂岩,泥质粉砂岩,粉砂质泥岩薄互层为特征,局部含油或有油迹;而青山口组一段顶部的重力流沉积,主要为碎屑流型和浊流型,岩性上以粗砂岩、粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥岩的薄互层为主。初步探讨了重力流的发育和控制机制,分析表明青山口组重力流沉积是湖区的有利储层区域,英台大安地区为最有利储层。该研究对深入了解湖相储层特征起指导作用。重力流沉积勘探在松辽盆地还处于探索阶段,其研究为在大型陆相湖盆中寻找新的有利勘探目标奠定坚实基础。在陆相湖盆中研究深水重力流沉积,对沉积学研究具有推动作用。     

四川盆地东部三叠系嘉陵江组成盐期浓缩海水古温度及其意义

四川盆地东部嘉陵江组四段石盐岩中发育大量原生的单一液相包裹体,为揭示石盐结晶时古海水的温度,恢复早三叠世古气候提供了有利条件。本文在蒸发岩岩相学研究的基础上,对流体包裹体均一温度进行了测试。测温结果表明,石盐结晶时卤水的温度在17.7~63.5℃之间,与该地区碳酸盐岩氧同位素数据所反映的温度特征基本一致,说明早三叠世时海水具有较高的温度。这有利于古海水的强烈蒸发浓缩,为成钾奠定了良好的气候条件。     

塔北西部一间房组碳酸盐岩礁滩体同生期暴露溶蚀作用模式

在详细的钻井资料和岩心的宏观及微观特征研究的基础上,通过对塔北隆起西部奥陶系中统一间房组礁滩体沉积相特征及展布规律的分析,结合礁滩体储层同生期溶蚀作用特征研究,按照古沉积地貌单元结合岩相的方法建立了一间房组礁滩体同生期溶蚀作用模式。研究认为一间房组开阔台地相包括台内滩、滩间海和台内点礁3个亚相,沉积相平面分布稳定;一间房组的同生期暴露溶蚀作用明显,普遍反映出滩体的间歇性暴露的特征:生物钻孔和溶蚀孔洞内充填礁滩体暴露形成的古土壤泥;发育潮间带的化石碎片堆积和软体生物活动遗迹;岩心观察和成像测井可以识别出渗流-潜流带溶蚀作用旋回。按照礁滩相沉积地貌结合岩相的模式,将一间房组开阔台地的浅滩和点礁沉积划分出潮上长期暴露滩、潮间间歇暴露滩、潮下高能滩、瓶筐石障积礁、潮汐水道等地貌单元。     

西藏羌塘盆地东部中侏罗统混合沉积层序地层学研究

西藏羌塘盆地东部中侏罗统广泛发育陆源碎屑与碳酸盐的混合沉积。综合前人研究成果,结合区域地质资料和室内样品分析,本文对陆源碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩、混积岩及混积层系,混合层序地层进行了详细研究。研究结果表明,混合沉积在微观上表现为陆源碎屑与碳酸盐沉积物组分的混积岩,宏观上则表现为陆源碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩、混积岩相互叠加的混积层系,发育滨岸、碳酸盐岩缓坡、潮坪-溻湖、三角洲等沉积体系。运用层序地层学原理将中侏罗统划分为SQ1-SQ4四个三级层序,提高了研究区层序地层划分精度;探讨了混合沉积与层序地层的对应关系。总体上看,以陆源碎屑沉积为主的沉积背景下,混合沉积主要发育在海侵体系域的早期和高位体系域的晚期。以碳酸盐沉积为主的沉积背景下,混合沉积主要发育在海侵体系域的早期和高位体系域的晚期。     

Exhumation History of the Xining Basin Since the Mesozoic and Its Tectonic Significance

The Xining Basin is located in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and its continuous Cenozoic strata record the entire uplift and outgrowth history of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic. The newly obtained apatite fission track data presented here shows that the Xining Basin and two marginal mountain ranges have experienced multiphase rapid cooling since the Jurassic, as follows. In the Middle–Late Jurassic, the rapid exhumation of the former Xining Basin resulted from collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Tarim Block. During the Early–Late Cretaceous, the former Xining Basin underwent a tectonic event due to marginal compression, causing the angular unconformity between the Upper and Lower Cretaceous. In the Late Cretaceous to the Early Cenozoic, collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Lhasa Block may have resulted in the rapid exhumation of the Xining Basin and the Lajishan to the south. In the Early Cenozoic(ca. 50–30 Ma), collision between the Indian and Eurasia plates affected the region that corresponds to the present northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. During this period, the central Qilian Block rotated clockwise by approximately 24° to form a wedge-shaped basin(i.e., the Xining Basin) opening to the west. During ca. 17–8 Ma, the entire northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau underwent dramatic deformation, and the Lajishan uplifted rapidly owing to the northward compression of the Guide Basin from the south. A marked change in subsidence occurred in the Xining Basin during this period, when the basin was tectonically inverted.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Volcanic Rocks from ODP Site 794, Yamato Basin: Implications for Deep Mantle Processes of the Japan Sea

Deep mantle processes and the dynamic mechanism of magmatism in the Japan Sea Basin are important processes that have not been studied in detail. In this paper, systematic evaluation of basalt samples from the ocean drilling program Site 794 in the Japan Sea was performed, which included petrography, whole-rock major- and trace-element analysis, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic composition, and electron microprobe analysis of plagioclase and clinopyroxene. These basalts belong to the tholeiitic series with porphyritic texture and massive Ca-rich plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and minor olivine phenocrysts. The basalts are characterized as flat rare earth elements and high-field-strength elements with remarkably low ratios of(La/Yb)N(0.75–2.51), significant positive anomalies of Ba, Sr, and Rb and no Eu anomaly(δEu = 0.99–1.36). The samples showed relatively high 87Sr/86Sr(0.70425–0.70522), 207Pb/204Pb(15.511–15.610), and 208Pb/204Pb(38.064–38.557) values and a low 143Nd/144 Nd ratio(0.51271–0.51295). The basalts from Site 794 can be divided into upper, middle, and lower volcanic rocks(UVR, MVR, and LVR) on the basis of their stratigraphic level. The MVR was geochemically derived from the depleted mantle, whereas the UVR and LVR originated from a nondepleted and relatively enriched mantle source with contributions from subducted Pacific plate fluid and sediments. Use of geothermobarometers indicates that the crystallization pressure for the UVR and LVR(6.25–11.19 kbar) was significantly higher than that of the MVR(3.48–5.84 kbar). The UVR and LVR may have been derived from the low-degree(5%–10%) partial melting of spinel lherzolite, while the MVR originated from a shallower mantle source with a high degree(10%–20%) of partial melting. In addition, the geochemical characteristics of the samples are consistent with a younger age(13–17 Ma) and the depleted composition of the MVR and an older age(17–23 Ma) and slightly enriched composition of the UVR and LVR. Therefore, temporal changes in the mantle source from old and enriched to young and depleted and subsequently to old and nondepleted may have been associated with progressive lithospheric extension and thinning, as well as at least two episodes of diverse asthenospheric upwelling and pull-apart tectonic motion in the Yamato Basin.     

Structural Evolution and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Upper Paleozoic Northern Ordos Basin, North China

The hydrocarbon potential of the Hangjinqi area in the northern Ordos Basin is not well known, compared to the other areas of the basin, despite its substantial petroleum system.Restoration of a depth-converted seismic profile across the Hangjinqi Fault Zone(HFZ) in the eastern Hangjinqi area shows one compression that created anticlinal structures in the Late Triassic, and two extensions in ~Middle Jurassic and Late Early Cretaceous, which were interrupted by inversions in the Late Jurassic–Early Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous, respectively.Hydrocarbon generation at the well locations in the Central Ordos Basin(COB) began in the Late Triassic.Basin modeling of Well Zhao-4 suggests that hydrocarbon generation from the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian coal measures of the northern Shanbei Slope peaked in the Early Cretaceous, predating the inversion in the Late Cretaceous.Most source rocks in the Shanbei Slope passed the main gas-migration phase except for the Hangjinqi area source rocks(Well Jin-48).Hydrocarbons generated from the COB are likely to have migrated northward toward the anticlinal structures and traps along the HFZ because the basin-fill strata are dipping south.Faulting that continued during the extensional phase(Late Early Cretaceous) of the Hangjinqi area probably acted as conduits for the migration of hydrocarbons.Thus, the anticlinal structures and associated traps to the north of the HFZ might have trapped hydrocarbons that were charged from the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian coal measures in the COB since the Middle Jurassic.     

Improved Geometric Model of Extensional Fault–bend Folding

Extensional fault–bend folds, also called rollovers, are one of the most common structures in extensional settings. Numerous studies have shown that oblique simple shear is the most appropriate mechanism for quantitative modeling of geometric relations between normal faults and the strata in their hanging walls. However, the oblique simple shear has a rather serious issue derived from the shear direction, particularly above convex bends. We use geometric and experimental methods to study the deformation of extensional fault–bend folds on convex bends. The results indicate that whether the fault bends are concave or convex, the shear direction of the hanging wall dips toward the main fault. On this basis, we improve the previous geometric model by changing the shear direction above the convex bends. To illustrate basin history, our model highlights the importance of the outer limit of folding instead of the growth axial. Moreover, we propose a new expression for the expansion index that is applicable to the condition of no deposition on the footwall. This model is validated by modeling a natural structure of the East China Sea Basin.