免疫遗传算法及其在VRP中的应用

物流配送车辆路径问题（VRP）是一类典型的NP问题。在基本遗传算法的基础上,根据生物的免疫系统原理,提出一种改进的算法——免疫遗传算法。在算法中构造一种基于抗体浓度的群体多样性保持策略,引入免疫算子和免疫记忆库。将该算法应用于求解VRP问题,实验结果表明算法可以实现解的多样性,避免出现早熟收敛,可以有效防止进化过程中最优解退化的可能,是求解车辆路径问题的一种有效的算法。     

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贵州开发面临的挑战及可持续发展战略研究

本文系统地分析了贵州大开发中,面临的种种来自生态环境方面的挑战,并针对其挑战,提出了若干战略对策。     

西南地区矿山环境地质问题与防治对策

介绍西南地区矿山的分布特点，指出存在的主要矿山环境地质问题与危害，最后对西南地区矿山环境地质问题提出防治对策。     

滇池流域点源污染控制与存在问题解析

滇池是我国著名的高原淡水湖泊,是国家"三河三湖"治理重点之一.对2007年滇池流域点源污染现状和近20年变化趋势进行了分析,并在此基础上解析了滇池流域点源污染存在问题.结果表明,2007年滇池流域点污染源COD.TN和TP产生量分别为55913t、11222t和1008t,生活污水为主要的点污染源,COD、TN、TP所占比例分别达89%、96%、98%;1988-2007年,流域点源污染负荷产生量持续增长,但由于1991年以来污水处理能力的大幅度提升,其后点源污染负荷总体上呈现下降的趋势,尤以COD和TP下降趋势最为明显,TN保持波动状态.滇池点源污染存在四方面问题,一是未来城市的扩张和人口的持续增长,势必给滇池水环境带来巨大压力;二是老城区合流制排水系统无法改变、新城区雨污管网混接、部分污水处理厂河道取水,导致雨季合流污水溢流污染问题长期存在;三是局部区域污水产生量与污水处理厂处理能力不匹配,且污水处理厂雨季处理能力不足;四是点源污染末端处理已不能满足滇池保护的要求,亟待加大污染全过程控制.     

中国北方岩溶水变化特征及其环境问题

随着自然条件改变和人类活动强度的加大,我国北方岩溶水系统从输入、输出到结构、水资源要素转换关系均发生了巨大变化,在短短几十年内有近30%岩溶大泉断流,80%泉水流量大幅度衰减,区域岩溶地下水位每年以1~2m速度持续下降,同时,有20%以上的岩溶水系统主排泄带的水质在Ⅲ类以下且总体趋向恶化,此外,还存在着矿坑突水,岩溶塌陷、地裂,海水入侵,旅游功能降低,生态功能丧失等诸多的岩溶水环境问题,极大地加剧了水资源的紧张状况。本文根据前人成果和实地调查资料并采用一些典型事例归纳总结了岩溶水环境问题及其发展演化趋势,展示北方岩溶水面临的严峻形势,以引起社会各界对此问题的关注,加大岩溶水资源调查研究与保护力度,同时,也为广大学者开展相关立项与研究提供参考。      

直管损伤识别的一种简化方法

本文首先讨论了将直管中三维频散波问题简化为一维定型波问题的条件。在此条件下讨论了将管中全波场分离为单向波场的方法。由此提出了使用敲击方法检测直管损伤是否存在和判断损伤程度的两个简化模型：连续损伤模型,用于描述直管在有限长度上刚度的改变;简化裂缝模型,用于近似描述裂缝自由面效应。基于这两个模型提出了直管损伤的简化反演方法,并通过数值算例详细讨论了此法的可行性和灵敏度。在结语中简要讨论了进一步研究工作。     

Chen-Chao Koo and the Early Numerical Weather Prediction Experiments in China

Although the first successful numerical weather prediction(NWP)project led by Charney and von Neumann is widely known,little is known by the international community about the development of NWP during the 1950s in China.Here,a detailed historical perspective on the early NWP experiments in China is provided.The leadership in NWP of the late Professor Chen-Chao Koo,a protége of C.G.Rossby at the University of Stockholm during the late 1940s and a key leader of modern meteorology(particularly of atmospheric dynamics and physics)in China during the 1950s?70s,is highlighted.The unique contributions to NWP by Koo and his students,such as the ideas of formulating NWP as an“evolution”problem,in which the past data over multiple time steps are utilized,rather than an initial-value problem,and on the cybernetic aspects of atmospheric processes,i.e.,regarding the motion of the atmosphere at various time scales as an optimal control system,are also emphasized.     

黏弹地球地震变形理论研究进展和展望

自Love(1911)研究了自重球体的弹性变形后,基于不同的黏弹性地球模型,许多科学家都对地震变形问题进行了深入研究,主要发展了基于半无限空间和球形地球模型的黏弹地球地震变形理论.地震变形问题通常经积分变换、基函数展开等技术处理后,简化为求解满足特定震源和地表边界条件的常微分方程组问题.针对这一独特的数学物理边值问题,本文以全解析、半解析和数值积分解等求解形式概述了近几十年发展的基于规则几何形态地球模型的黏弹地球地震变形理论,并讨论了各种方法的特点.此外,针对三维地球模型,本文也简单回顾了目前的研究进展和存在问题.总之,本文综述了过去半个多世纪以来的黏弹地球地震变形理论的发展历史、研究现状和最新进展,并讨论目前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势.     

Full waveform inversion using oriented time‐domain imaging method for vertical transverse isotropic media

Full waveform inversion for reflection events is limited by its linearised update requirements given by a process equivalent to migration. Unless the background velocity model is reasonably accurate, the resulting gradient can have an inaccurate update direction leading the inversion to converge what we refer to as local minima of the objective function. In our approach, we consider mild lateral variation in the model and, thus, use a gradient given by the oriented time‐domain imaging method. Specifically, we apply the oriented time‐domain imaging on the data residual to obtain the geometrical features of the velocity perturbation. After updating the model in the time domain, we convert the perturbation from the time domain to depth using the average velocity. Considering density is constant, we can expand the conventional 1D impedance inversion method to two‐dimensional or three‐dimensional velocity inversion within the process of full waveform inversion. This method is not only capable of inverting for velocity, but it is also capable of retrieving anisotropic parameters relying on linearised representations of the reflection response. To eliminate the crosstalk artifacts between different parameters, we utilise what we consider being an optimal parametrisation for this step. To do so, we extend the prestack time‐domain migration image in incident angle dimension to incorporate angular dependence needed by the multiparameter inversion. For simple models, this approach provides an efficient and stable way to do full waveform inversion or modified seismic inversion and makes the anisotropic inversion more practicable. The proposed method still needs kinematically accurate initial models since it only recovers the high‐wavenumber part as conventional full waveform inversion method does. Results on synthetic data of isotropic and anisotropic cases illustrate the benefits and limitations of this method.