人工影响天气研究工作的回顾与展望

概述了中国科学院兰州高原大气物理研究所人工影响天气研究工作的过去与现在的发展情况。该研究工作始于１９５８年,到现在已有４０年。主要研究工作可分为三个阶段, １９５８－１９６５年为第一阶段,主要开宫山人工融雪,人工增雨及人工防雹的研究。     

风景这边独好——2009年非开挖行业调查与回顾

2009年,全球经历了自大萧条以来最为严重的金融危机,各国经济普遍下滑,非开挖行业也未能幸免。本文首先概述了2009年对我国非开挖行业影响较大的几个重要事件,然后较详细地介绍了中美两国非开挖市场调查情况,包括：非开挖施工设备的增长情况和各类非开挖施工方法在污水管道和自来水管道铺设或修复中的应用情况。     

我国地震科技进步的回顾与展望（一）

本文对近半个世纪以来我国地震科技发展所经历的艰辛历程和所取得的长足进步作了简要回顾。阐明了如下3点：（1）全社会对减轻地震灾害及减轻地震对社会经济生活影响的强烈要求是推动我国地震科技发展的强劲动力；（2）为人民生命财产安全、经济可持续发展和社会稳定提供更好的保障是推动我国地震科技发展的根本目的；（3）坚持地震监测等技术系统建设与地震科学研究的辩证统一，并处理好任务性、科学性、可行性之间的关系是推动我国地震科技进步性质遵循的重要原则。地震预报预防工作所取得的某些成功和所遭受的许多挫折不断加深了人们对地震的发生条件和孕育发生过程复杂性的认识，促进了地震监测等技术系统的改造与现代化建设和地震科学研究的深入。尤其是20世纪最后5年，地震监测等技术系统的改造和现代化建设使地震预报预防研究与实践的技术支撑得到较明显的改善，既突出重点，又广泛探索的地震科学研究，使人们对我国大陆地震的发生条件和孕育发生过程，以及震害特征与机理研究等取得一些新的重要认识。所取得的长足进步不仅使防震减灾工作实效得以明显提高，而且为加速新世纪，首先是“十五”期间我国地震科技的进步进一步奠定了基础。在回顾历史的基础上，阐明了当前和今后一段时期我国地震科技发展的总体要求和应重点加强的10个方面的工作，即地震观测台网的数字化改造与建设；地震前兆观测台网的改造与建设；强地震动观测台网的建设；地震实验室的建设；地震信息和应急指挥与紧急救援技术系统的建设；地震短临预报的研究；地震中长期预报的研究；地震动衰减和震害机理与震害控制的研究；城市地震活动断层探测与震害预测的研究；地震科学和地球科学有关领域的基础研究。期望通过这些努力使我国地震科技全面达到国际先进水平，地震预报预防的理论、技术、方法显著改进，防震减灾工作实效显著提高。     

跨世纪的土地信息系统

回顾了20世纪我国和世界其它国家的土地信息系统研究和建设情况,展望了21世纪我国土地信息系统的发展趋势。     

区域政策研究的回顾与展望

区域政策在我国经济发展中占据着十分重要的地位和作用 ,西部大开发战略更要求规范合理的区域政策体系与之配套 ,但是人们对区域政策的概念理解、具体措施和实施效果评价的认识还比较模糊与混乱 ,尤其是我国在区域政策理论与实践方面都存在许多问题与不足 ,无法适应新时期区域及全国经济发展的需要。     

依靠科学技术进步全面推动防震减灾工作--青海省地震局(队)成立30年科技工作回顾

对青海省地震局(青海省地震队)成立30年来防震减灾科学技术工作取得的主要进展进行了简要回顾，对今后工作要点进行了初步分析。     

Water regulation and sustainability 1997-2001: Adoption or adaptation?

In 1997 there was a change in government in the UK with the Labour Party coming into power for the first time since 1979. Among the commitments made was the intention to put sustainability at the heart of government and decision-making. There was also a commitment to introduce reforms of the utility sector. In part this was a response to public concern over the conduct and behaviour of the privatised utilities, made more pertinent in the case of the water sector by the impact of several seasons of below average rainfall and high levels of leakage. In light of this the need for change took on a particular urgency. This paper examines some of the developments in water regulation under the 1997-2001 Labour administration. Through two sets of events; the 1997 Water Summit and the 1997-1999 Price Review the paper examines the discursive processes through which sustainability has been incorporated into water regulation. It discusses the changes in the practices of regulation and whether these could be characterised as the adoption of sustainability by the water sector or a strategy of adaptation to accommodate sustainability within an existing economic paradigm.     

The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: a review for volcanic risk mitigation

Studies of the respiratory health effects of different types of volcanic ash have been undertaken only in the last 40 years, and mostly since the eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980. This review of all published clinical, epidemiological and toxicological studies, and other work known to the authors up to and including 2005, highlights the sparseness of studies on acute health effects after eruptions and the complexity of evaluating the long-term health risk (silicosis, non-specific pneumoconiosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in populations from prolonged exposure to ash due to persistent eruptive activity. The acute and chronic health effects of volcanic ash depend upon particle size (particularly the proportion of respirable-sized material), mineralogical composition (including the crystalline silica content) and the physico-chemical properties of the surfaces of the ash particles, all of which vary between volcanoes and even eruptions of the same volcano, but adequate information on these key characteristics is not reported for most eruptions. The incidence of acute respiratory symptoms (e.g. asthma, bronchitis) varies greatly after ashfalls, from very few, if any, reported cases to population outbreaks of asthma. The studies are inadequate for excluding increases in acute respiratory mortality after eruptions. Individuals with pre-existing lung disease, including asthma, can be at increased risk of their symptoms being exacerbated after falls of fine ash. A comprehensive risk assessment, including toxicological studies, to determine the long-term risk of silicosis from chronic exposure to volcanic ash, has been undertaken only in the eruptions of Mt. St. Helens (1980), USA, and Soufrière Hills, Montserrat (1995 onwards). In the Soufrière Hills eruption, a long-term silicosis hazard has been identified and sufficient exposure and toxicological information obtained to make a probabilistic risk assessment for the development of silicosis in outdoor workers and the general population. A more systematic approach to multi-disciplinary studies in future eruptions is recommended, including establishing an archive of ash samples and a website containing health advice for the public, together with scientific and medical study guidelines for volcanologists and health-care workers.