Overview of the development history of China’s typhoon research and operational work in the past century

Because typhoons are one of the most major natural disasters in the southeastern coastal areas of China,great attention has been paid to the prevention and mitigation of the disasters caused by typhoons.Over the past century,significant progress has been made in typhoon-related scientific research and operational work in China,including the construction of a network of typhoon monitoring stations,the establishment of forecasting operation systems,early warning and prevention of typhoon-related disasters,and the research of basic theories of typhoon behaviors and key forecasting technologies.This paper briefly reviews the milestones in the development history of typhoon research in China over the past century and a half in order to commemorate the predecessors,especially those who made historical contributions to the advancement of typhoon research since the economic and cultural reforms known as the"Opening of China",who provided historical references which enabled China to become an international leader in the field of typhoon science and technology.     

中国河口研究五十年: 回顾与展望

提要过去50年中国的河口研究取得了巨大的成就。在理论研究方面,一个显著的特征是动力、沉积和地貌研究相结合,取得了一系列的成果,如河口冲淡水、河口锋、最大浑浊带、泥沙运动、拦门沙的形成、河口不连续现象、河口发育等。在应用方面,如钱塘江河口和长江河口等有许多成功的范例。然而,河口是复杂的,随着人类活动和人工控制的增强,当前河口研究面临着许多新的挑战,人类活动已成为第三驱动力,河口的自然适应与人工控制协调问题将是河口未来理论研究和应用实践的重要问题。     

斯特恩报告及其对后京都谈判的可能影响

 2006年10月正式发布的斯特恩报告在国际社会引起了广泛反响。文章概述和分析了该报告出台的国际背景、主要特点和关键结论,综合评述了包括各国政府、学术界、企业界及环境非政府组织等各方对该报告的不同观点,研究探讨了斯特恩报告对后京都谈判的可能影响。该报告尽管肯定了中国气候变化政策的积极贡献,但其提出的排放情景和基于市场的政策处方并不能满足中国等发展中国家的发展需求,也忽视了资金来源、技术转让、适应等重要问题。     

历史地震之余震参数的复核方法

基于主震和余震属于同一发震构造形成的震源区之原则,提出了历史地震余震参数的复核方法:首先在核实资料的基础上,判断是否属于余震;考虑主震震源区范围,综合确定余震震中位置,当资料不够充分时,也可直接以主震震中代替;按有感半径和区域烈度衰减关系来估算震级值.进而运用以上方法以1604年福建泉州海外7(1/2)级地震、1605年海南琼山7(1/2)级地震和1668年山东郯城-莒县8(1/2)级地震的13次余震为例,探讨了此方法的普适性.结果表明13次余震中有12次地震震中位置和6次地震的震级值发生了变化,使得原有余震参数的不确定性得到了明显改变,判定了主震和余震是属于同一发震构造.这些结果为在相关地区合理识别发震构造创造了条件,也可为今后修编历史地震目录提供参考.     

PERT法评估特大桥梁工程施工进度风险

在桥梁工程建设中面临着大而多的风险,尤其是跨海湾特大桥的建设更为突出,因此特大桥梁工程项目风险管理也越来越受到工程建设领域的关注。针对特大桥梁工程施工过程中受各种风险的影响导致施工工序持续时间具有随机性的特点,本文提出了采用逻辑关系确定、活动持续时间不确定的网络计划PERT法来进行施工进度风险评估。该方法主要是假定工序持续时间的不确定性具有β分布的特性,通过计算其数学期望值使之转化为确定网络计划来求得其工期风险,并考虑线路间的相互影响。本文以甬台温高速公路复线工程中一特大桥为研究对象,阐述了PERT法在特大桥梁工程施工进度风险评估中的应用,希望能对该工程以及类似工程的实施提供一些参考。     

Environmental sensor networks for vegetation,animal and soil sciences

Environmental sensor networks (ESNs) provide new opportunities for improving our understanding of the environment. In contrast to remote sensing technologies where measurements are made from large distances (e.g. satellite imagery, aerial photography, airborne radiometric surveys), ESNs focus on measurements that are made in close proximity to the target environmental phenomenon. Sensors can be used to collect a much larger number of measurements, which are quantitative and repeatable. They can also be deployed in locations that may otherwise be difficult to visit regularly. Sensors that are commonly used in the environmental sciences include ground-based multispectral vegetation sensors, soil moisture sensors, GPS tracking and bioacoustics for tracking movement in wild and domesticated animals. Sensors may also be coupled with wireless networks to more effectively capture, synthesise and transmit data to decision-makers. The climate and weather monitoring domains provide useful examples of how ESNs can provide real-time monitoring of environmental change (e.g. temperature, rainfall, sea-surface temperature) to many users. The objective of this review is to examine state-of-the-art use of ESNs for three environmental monitoring domains: (a) terrestrial vegetation, (b) animal movement and diversity, and (c) soil. Climate and aquatic monitoring sensor applications are so extensive that they are beyond the scope of this review. In each of the three application domains (vegetation, animals and soils) we review the technologies, the attributes that they sense and briefly examine the technical limitations. We conclude with a discussion of future directions.     

城市社会空间结构研究的回顾与展望

在城市社会空间结构方面介绍了西方和国内的主要研究成果,对城市社会空间结构的研究进展和领域作了综述。在总结社会空间结构理论基础和研究方法的基础上,全面回顾了城市社会空间研究的主要内容,并重点探讨城市社会空间结构的演变趋势和研究热点。认为今后要借鉴多学科的综合进行理论研究;社区建设与社区规划研究将成为热点;要重视居住空间分异与调控的研究;活动空间、感应空间及生活环境质量的研究将不断强化。     

城市工程与地质评价研究现状与展望

本文是对城市地质环境与工程学术研讨会中关于城市工程地质评价专题的一个综述,主要包括城市基础地质填图与工程地质评价、城市工程地质环境地质信息技术两项内容。本文除对此部分论文作以概要介绍外,重点对工程地质评价的有关问题作以阐述。同时对相关问题的前景进行了探讨。     

2011年震情述评

1 SURVEY OF GLOBAL SEISMICITY IN 2011A total of 26 strong earthquakes with MS ≥ 7. 0 occurred in 2011 throughout the worldaccording to the China Seismic Network ( Table 1 ) . The strongest earthquake was the Japanearthquake measuring MS9. 0 on March 11 ( Fig. 1) . The frequency was slightly lower and the