Centrifuge modeling of load-deformation behavior of rocking shallow foundations

Shallow foundations supporting building structures might be loaded well into their nonlinear range during intense earthquake loading. The nonlinearity of the soil may act as an energy dissipation mechanism, potentially reducing shaking demands exerted on the building. This nonlinearity, however, may result in permanent deformations that also cause damage to the building. Five series of tests on a large centrifuge, including 40 models of shear wall footings, were performed to study the nonlinear load-deformation characteristics during cyclic and earthquake loading. Footing dimensions, depth of embedment, wall weight, initial static vertical factor of safety, soil density, and soil type (dry sand and saturated clay) were systematically varied. The moment capacity was not observed to degrade with cycling, but due to the deformed shape of the footing–soil interface and uplift associated with large rotations, stiffness degradation was observed. Permanent deformations beneath the footing continue to accumulate with the number of cycles of loading, though the rate of accumulation of settlement decreases as the footing embeds itself.     

Lateral Earth Pressure due to Backfill Subject to a Strip of Surcharge

The evaluation of the active earth thrust of backfill, on which a surcharge strip acts, is generally made using a hybrid approach where a thrust increment due to the surcharge strip is calculated using elasticity theory and added to the thrust calculated in absence of the surcharge strip and in failure condition of the thrust wedge. This paper gives a coherent solution to the problem, based entirely on Coulomb’s approach. It presents the analytical solution of the active thrust and of the position of the application point of the thrust.     

组合结构支挡体系在杂填土层深基坑支护中的应用

在古城区建筑地基上部,广泛赋存以炉灰渣为主要成分的杂填土,其厚度不一。随着城市化进程的迅猛发展,旧城改造对高层建筑地下空间的充分利用提出了更高要求,特别是在周围恶劣环境条件下开挖空间,从理论、实践上深入研究闹市区杂填土深基坑,采用何种经济技术合理的支护方案问题十分突出。但各种深基坑支护方法都有其局限性,岩土工程师在确定方案时必须充分考虑当地工程地质条件、建筑物基坑特点,选择组合支护技术方法,方可达到事半功倍之目的。通过成功支护某杂填土深基坑工程实例,详尽阐述了杂填土的工程特性、锚拉钢板桩挡墙、土钉挡墙的基本参数选取、设计计算,可为类似岩土工程条件下的基坑支护方案选型和设计提供借鉴及参考。     

挡土墙设计绘图系统的开发

介绍在ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ系统下开发挡土设计绘图系统的原理，方法及实施过程，对程序设计技巧也作了讨论。     

Dynamic pressures on a pair of rigid walls retaining poroelastic soil

This work deals with the evaluation of the dynamic pressures and the associated forces on a pair of rigid vertical cantilever walls retaining a uniform, fully saturated poroelastic layer of soil. Hysteretic damping in the soil skeleton may also be present. Wall pressures and forces are induced by horizontal ground shaking harmonically varying with time and spatially invariant. The problem is solved analytically under conditions of plane strain. The governing partial differential equations of motion, after separation of variables and the simplifying assumptions of zero vertical normal stresses and zero horizontal variation of vertical displacements, reduce to a system of two ordinary differential equations for the amplitudes of the solid skeleton horizontal displacement and the pore water pressure, which are easily solved. The parameters examined include the ratio of the distance between walls to the height of the retained soil material and the soil material properties such as porosity, permeability and damping. The comprehensive numerical data presented indicate that the displacements, wall pressures and resultant forces are highly dependent on the distance between the walls for any values of porosity and permeability.     

框剪结构抗震剪力墙数量的优化准则证明

将框剪结构连续化，按振型组合法证明了同时满足规范允许顶点侧移和层间侧移角的最少抗震剪力墙数量为最优剪力墙量，相应的设计为最优设计。     

Effect of boundary element details on the seismic deformation capacity of structural walls

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of boundary element details of structural walls on their deformation capacities. Structural walls considered in this study have different sectional shapes and/or transverse reinforcement content at the boundaries of the walls (called boundary element details hereafter). Four full‐scale wall specimens (3000mm (h_w)×1500mm (l_w)×200mm (T)) were fabricated and tested. Three specimens are rectangular in section and the other specimen has a barbell‐shaped cross‐section (a wall with boundary columns). The rectangular wall specimens are reinforced according to the common practice used for reinforced concrete residence buildings in Korea and Chile. In this study, the primary variable for these rectangular specimens is the content of transverse reinforcement to confine the boundary elements of a wall. The barbell‐shaped specimen was designed in compliance with ACI 318‐95. The response of the barbell‐shaped specimen is compared with those of other rectangular specimens. The effective aspect ratio of the specimens is set to two in this study. Based on the experimental results, it is found that the deformation capacities of walls, which are represented by displacement ductility, drift ratio and energy dissipation capacities, are affected by the boundary element details. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

边坡支护结构荷载取值问题研究

边坡支护结构上的荷载一般采用传统的土(岩)压力理论计算,本文对这种荷载取值方法存在的问题进行了分析,提出了以稳定性为基础确定边坡支挡结构上荷载的方法,该方法能弥补现行荷载取值方法的不足。     

PASSIVE PRESSURE DETERMINATION BY METHOD OF SLICES

A method of slices satisfying all the conditions of statical equilibrium has been developed to deal with the problem of determination of passive earth pressure over a retaining wall in sand. A method similar to that of Morgenstern and Price, which was used to solve the stability of slopes, has been followed. The earth pressure coefficients with the proposed methodology have been computed for a vertical retaining wall for both positive and negative wall friction angle. Also examined is the variation of the interslice shear force between the retaining wall and the Rankine Passive boundary. Due to complete satisfaction of the equilibrium conditions, the method generates exactly the same earth pressure coefficients as computed by using Terzaghi's overall limit equilibrium approach. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.