Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Periods of the Fluid Inclusions in the Sandstone Reservoirs of Chang 9 Oil Groups in Yanchang Formation,Huaqing Area

Huaqing area is an important area for oil and gas exploration and development in the Ordos Basin, within which, the Chang 9 oil group of Triassic Yanchang Formation is one of the main intervals for exploration and development (Zhang et al., 2011). Fluid inclusions record abundant oil and gas accumulation information and important oil and gas migration and accumulation history information(Parnell et al., 1998; Parnell, 2010; Jiang et al., 2018). The occurrence, distribution and intersection of the fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals were observed under microscope. The accurate formation periods of inclusions are key to determine hydrocarbon accumulation periods (Burrus et al., 1985; Zhou et al., 2000; Zhao, 2002). In addition, the fluorescence color and brightness of organic inclusions observed by fluorescence microscopy could be used to roughly identify the oil and gas evolution stages (Zhang et al., 2010). Therefore, the occurrence, distribution and fluorescence characteristics of oil and gas inclusions were important evidence for judging the hydrocarbon accumulation periods. The fluid inclusions in sandstone reservoirs of Chang 9 oil group in Huaqing Area were observed in detail, and the observation results revealed that fluid inclusions were widespread in Chang 9 sandstone and exhibited various types. Through comprehensive analyses, it was considered that the fluid inclusions in Chang 9 sandstone reservoirs indicated three hydrocarbon accumulation periods.     

Permo-Triassic paleogeographic, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic evolutions in eastern Tethys and their coupling

Based on reconstructions of paleogeography, paleoclimate and paleoceanography of the Chihsian, Wujiapingian, Anisian and Norian intervals in the eastern Tethys, the multiple intrinsic relationship and interaction among the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere as well as their evolutions are discussed. It was demonstrated that paleogeographic change of the eastern Tethys and the northward shift of the Pangea during the Permo-Triassic periods governed the coeval paleocurrent pattern and its evolution, which in turn seems to be a key contributor forcing the Permo-Triassic megamonsoon to the climax.     

巴州地区近40年降水量变化特征分析

应用巴州地区11个站的降水资料进行统计分析,结果显示：1.40a来全地区年降水量及夏季、冬季降水量都明显增多,春秋季节变化不大.2.年降水量主要表现为全州一致的多雨或少雨空间分布型,其次为南部、北部地区的降水变化的相反趋势,春季降水的空间分布与年相似.3.全年和夏、秋季降水量都存在7.3a的主要变化周期.     

桂西那弱银金矿床矿物组合特征及银和金的赋存状态研究

广西天峨那弱银金矿床以银矿为主,共/伴生金及铅、锌、锑等金属,矿物组合在右江盆地内为首次发现。矿体受那弱背斜及其轴向断层控制,赋矿层位为中三叠统百逢组含钙质浊积岩系。矿石矿物以硫锑铅矿、铁闪锌矿、黄铁矿、毒砂和方铅矿为主;脉石矿物主要有石英、方解石、绢云母等。主要矿石矿物由早到晚的生成顺序为:毒砂→黄铁矿→铁闪锌矿→硫锑铅矿→方铅矿。单矿物化学分析显示硫锑铅矿含Ag最高,其次为闪锌矿;黄铁矿含Au相对较高。EPMA测试结果表明Ag于方铅矿中含量最高,其次为硫锑铅矿;主要矿石矿物中毒砂含Au相对较高,其余矿物中Au含量均偏低。因矿石中的铅矿物主要为硫锑铅矿,可以认为那弱银金矿床的Ag主要赋存于硫锑铅矿中,Au主要赋存于毒砂与黄铁矿中,二者均以显微-次显微状态赋存于载体矿物中。根据矿物组合及其相互交代、切割关系等特征,将矿床划分为2个成矿期共4个成矿阶段。其中,第一成矿期为金的成矿期,矿物组合为黄铁矿和毒砂,由于后期成矿作用的叠加,仅保留一个成矿阶段;第二成矿期为银铅锌成矿期,矿物组合为方铅矿-闪锌矿-硫锑铅矿;包含第二至第四共3个完整的成矿阶段。该矿床Ag、Au共生是不同期次成矿作用叠加的结果。     

变化环境下西江北江枯水流量联合分布分析

基于Clayton copula和Kendall分布函数分析广东西江马口站和北江三水站枯水流量的联合分布及其风险概率。根据两站流量之间的时空关联与变异,以1959-2010年西江马口站历年连续7日平均最小流量和对应期间的北江三水站枯水流量为样本,分别计算1959-1985年和1986-2010年两个时段(分别称为样本A和样本B)的西江北江枯水流量联合分布的"或"重现期、"且"重现期和二次重现期及其最可能的设计分位数。结果表明:①样本B中马口站的枯水流量设计值小于样本A相应重现期设计值,三水站则显著增大;②1985年后西江和北江枯水流量同频率遭遇的可能性较前期明显减小;③二次重现期所对应的累积频率代表了特定设计频率情况下西江和北江枯水流量遭遇的风险率;④由更严谨的二次重现期计算的马口站枯水流量最大可能设计值Q_7d,T=20a、Q_7d,T=10a和Q_7d,T=2a设计值或更适合分别作为西江三角洲供水规划、生态需水和调水压咸设计参考值。     

Pedogenically degenerated illite and chlorite lattices aid to palaeoclimatic reconstruction for chronologically constrained(8-130 ka) loess-palaeosols of Dilpur Formation,Kashmir,India

Chronologically well-constrained loess-palaeosols(recorded glacial and inter-glacial climate) revealed pedogenesis induced ionic substitutions,caused end-member compositional deviations in illite and chlorite,linked to widespread climatic changes occurred during Late Pleistocene.Further,micro-level climatic resolution is yet to be resolved.Thus,layer-wise X-ray diffraction analyses of clay separates,followed by Rietveld refinement revealed varied cell parameters and interatomic distances.Obtained values for detrital and pedogenic illite and chlorite when plotted against stratigraphic succession show notable changes in the crystallographic axes.The illite lattices associated with inadequately pedogenized palaeosols have been altered into illite/smectite mixed layers,but,the chlorite lattices represent expansion of a-,b-and contraction of c-axes with much greater amount of distortions,suggestive of warm-humid and acidic environment.The detrital 48,44 and 83,74 bonded illite and chlorite with2 sub-types each,when pedogenized retained 48,44 and 34;and 83 and 74 bonds(in their neo-formed 3 and 2 sub-types),respectively.The Al-O bond shows expansion,but,unchanged Si-O and decreased Si-K and K-O bonds show loss of Al and retention of Si and K ions in the illite lattices.The illite with 32 atoms and 48 bonds represent contraction of K-O,Si-K,Al-O and Si-O bonds caused bond reinforcement;however,loss of Al~(3+)reflects all-out illite alteration.Owing to Al-O and K-O bond expansion,major K~+ and Al~(3+) ionic loss occurred during the LGM,however,further ionic loss depends upon the magnitude of the loess-palaeosol weathering that they have suffered.The clilate sensitive Fe,Mg and Al ionic losses for Fe-O,Mg-O and Al_(11)-O_9 bond length expansions were recognized in the chlorite lattices.Such ionic losses are common,but,complete distortion is attributed to Al,Si,Fe and Mg ionic losses,followed by weakening of Al-O,Si-O,Fe-O and Mg-O bonds.Though,Si-O_4 and Fe_1-O_4 bonds,and Si and Fe_(1 st) ions remain intact.Thus,three major glacial episodes of ～5 ka each occurred under alkaline environment,but,intervened by two successive cycles of 55 ka each,encompassing three alternate warm and cold climatic sub-cycles of 12-15 ka.But,the coldness increases with each warm-cold sub-cycle that attained the glacial maxima.Further,these events correlate well with the deep-sea records of the North Atlantic(MIS-1 to MIS-5 e) and CLP loess-palaeosols(～127 ka).     

南盘江盆地油气成藏过程及天然气勘探前景分析

本文采用多种研究手段探讨了南盘江盆地的多期成藏、破坏过程。根据有机质成油、成气和油成气的化学动力学模型,计算了南盘江盆地主要烃源岩的油气演化过程;并通过对沥青充填期次、包裹体研究和胶结物期次与沥青的关系,研究了古油藏经历的多期次充注、破坏过程,据此初步建立了南盘江盆地古油藏演化模式。从南盘江盆地古油藏演化过程来看,南盘江盆地油气勘探应以原油裂解的天然气为主,但是由于该地区具有聚气早、破坏时间长的特征,尤其是三叠系沉积之后的巨厚剥蚀使原油裂解气保存的可能性变小,因此在该地区形成大中型天然气藏的难度很大,天然气勘探前景需要进一步研究。     

Uncertainty assessment in the prediction of extreme rainfall events: an example from the central Spanish Pyrenees

Extreme rainfall events occur frequently in the central Pyrenees, but they are responsible for mass movements and short, very intense erosion periods, accompanied at times by loss of human life and high costs of infrastructure. This paper tries to assess the existence of patterns in the spatial distribution of maximum precipitation. The calculation of return periods of the most intense rainfall demonstrates that in the Pyrenees it exhibits an erratic spatial and temporal distribution and can be extremely localized. In the case of precipitation between 150 and 200 mm in 24 h, some influence from the surrounding relief has been found, but this is not the case for precipitation exceeding 200 mm, characterized by the absence of patterns governing their spatial distribution. Geomorphological approaches are, therefore, the only way for assessing the areas more subject to hydromorphological risks. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近51年西安地温变化特征

利用1961—2011年西安0~40cm浅层逐月平均地温、地面最高、最低温度和1981—2011年深层80cm、160cm和320cm逐月平均地温观测资料,采用气候倾向率、滑动t检验、功率谱等气候统计方法,研究了西安平均地温的变化趋势、变化周期、气候突变和异常年份等。结果表明:在全球气候变暖背景下,西安各层年、季平均地温除夏季各浅层呈降温趋势外其余均为升温趋势,升幅为0.11~0.56℃/10a,0~20cm各层及160cm平均地温升温率为春季最大,40cm、320cm为冬季最大,80cm为秋季最大,各层均为夏季最小。地面最高年平均温度呈略下降趋势,最低呈明显升高趋势。浅层0~40cm年平均地温存在显著的2.3年、3.6~4.6年的变化周期以及32年的长周期震荡。年平均地温在1993年或1994年发生了突变;浅层春季平均地温在20世纪90年代中后期发生了突变,夏季在20世纪70年代末或20世纪90年代中期发生了两次突变,秋冬季基本未出现突变;深层各季在20世纪90年代中期发生了突变。年平均地温除160cm未出现异常年份外,80cm在1993年出现异常偏低年,其余各层在21世纪00年代初中期出现异常偏高年;春季多偏高年份,夏季多偏低年份,冬季异常年份最多。地温和气温变化的相关性达到0.82以上,说明气温的变化是影响地温变化的主要因素。     

上海浦东YA孔微量元素变化与历史时期水体盐度波动

浦东YA孔浅地层剖面中微量元素变化的分析结果表明,B含量和B/Ga,Sr/Ba,Cl/Br比值是反映古水体盐度的灵敏指示剂,据此建立的YA孔古盐度指数变化曲线显示,该地区近数千年来曾发生过多次百年尺度的盐度波动事件,并可能与同期海面波动引起的海水进退直接相关.这一情况说明,滨海地区沉积地层中的微量元素是海面变化研究的良好的代用指标.