基于正则化条件的地震数据局部信噪比估计方法

信噪比是衡量地震数据质量的重要指标之一,在地震数据处理和解释中有着重要的作用.目前已有的地震数据信噪比估计方法往往得到的是整个数据的全局信噪比,这种方法只能说明地震数据总体质量的好坏,无法直观细致地刻画地震信号的局部质量.本文提出一种基于正则化条件的局部信噪比估计方法.该方法的基本原理是使用正则化共轭梯度法求解局部信噪比最优解,正则化算子的参数将控制地震信号各点数据局部信噪比的平滑性.其中应用一种基于"过滤波"的级联信号估计方法来计算有效信号,该方法利用有效信号和噪声的相关性特征计算局部信噪比中的有效信号.局部信噪比估计方法利用了信号中每个数据点及其邻域各点的局部信息,避免了使用单个数据点而可能出现的信噪比不合理值,而且局部处理能够减少全局噪声对信噪比估算的影响,该方法可以更准确地表征地震资料信噪分布特征.另外,局部信噪比对去噪方法的评估也具有重要意义.理论模型测试和实际资料处理结果表明,局部信噪比估计方法能够准确反映任一给定地震信号剖面的局部信噪比特征,为非平稳地震数据质量评估提供了直观的评判标准.     

The impact of surface‐wave attenuation on 3‐D seismic survey design

Three‐dimensional seismic survey design should provide an acquisition geometry that enables imaging and amplitude‐versus‐offset applications of target reflectors with sufficient data quality under given economical and operational constraints. However, in land or shallow‐water environments, surface waves are often dominant in the seismic data. The effectiveness of surface‐wave separation or attenuation significantly affects the quality of the final result. Therefore, the need for surface‐wave attenuation imposes additional constraints on the acquisition geometry. Recently, we have proposed a method for surface‐wave attenuation that can better deal with aliased seismic data than classic methods such as slowness/velocity‐based filtering. Here, we investigate how surface‐wave attenuation affects the selection of survey parameters and the resulting data quality. To quantify the latter, we introduce a measure that represents the estimated signal‐to‐noise ratio between the desired subsurface signal and the surface waves that are deemed to be noise. In a case study, we applied surface‐wave attenuation and signal‐to‐noise ratio estimation to several data sets with different survey parameters. The spatial sampling intervals of the basic subset are the survey parameters that affect the performance of surface‐wave attenuation methods the most. Finer spatial sampling will reduce aliasing and make surface‐wave attenuation easier, resulting in better data quality until no further improvement is obtained. We observed this behaviour as a main trend that levels off at increasingly denser sampling. With our method, this trend curve lies at a considerably higher signal‐to‐noise ratio than with a classic filtering method. This means that we can obtain a much better data quality for given survey effort or the same data quality as with a conventional method at a lower cost.     

Probabilistic development of shear strength model for reinforced concrete squat walls

In order to reconcile the larger scatter and avoid the biased estimate from deterministic predictions for the shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) squat structural walls, a probabilistic shear strength model is developed in this paper based on the strut‐and‐tie model and the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method. The strut‐and‐tie model is used to derive an appropriate function form for the probabilistic shear strength model, where four unknown model parameters (e.g. k₁, k₂, k₃ and k₄) are defined carefully to guarantee them having a clear physical‐based meaning so that the corresponding prior distribution ranges can be specified reasonably. Then, the GLUE method is adopted to estimate the posterior cumulative distribution of k₁, k₂, k₃ and k₄ with an available experimental database. Furthermore, to demonstrate the stability of the estimated posterior cumulative distribution, the sensitivity of three major aspects in GLUE method is investigated. Finally, based on the estimated cumulative distribution of k₁, k₂, k₃ and k₄, the developed probabilistic shear strength model is simplified as a mean prediction model and a standard deviation prediction model for facilitate using in engineering practice. Therefore, with the developed probabilistic shear strength model, not only can the squat structural walls be designed in confidence, but the accuracy of those deterministic predictions can be evaluated in a probabilistic manner. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Methodology for the development of bridge‐specific fragility curves

A new methodology for the development of bridge‐specific fragility curves is proposed with a view to improving the reliability of loss assessment in road networks and prioritising retrofit of the bridge stock. The key features of the proposed methodology are the explicit definition of critical limit state thresholds for individual bridge components, with consideration of the effect of varying geometry, material properties, reinforcement and loading patterns on the component capacity; the methodology also includes the quantification of uncertainty in capacity, demand and damage state definition. Advanced analysis methods and tools (nonlinear static analysis and incremental dynamic response history analysis) are used for bridge component capacity and demand estimation, while reduced sampling techniques are used for uncertainty treatment. Whereas uncertainty in both capacity and demand is estimated from nonlinear analysis of detailed inelastic models, in practical application to bridge stocks, the demand is estimated through a standard response spectrum analysis of a simplified elastic model of the bridge. The simplified methodology can be efficiently applied to a large number of bridges (with different characteristics) within a road network, by means of an ad hoc developed software involving the use of a generic (elastic) bridge model, which derives bridge‐specific fragility curves. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄱阳湖入湖、出湖污染物通量时空变化及影响因素(2008-2012年)

研究鄱阳湖入、出湖污染物通量是加强鄱阳湖及长江水功能区限制纳污红线管理的前提,是建立鄱阳湖水质预测模型的基础.基于2008-2012年鄱阳湖8条主要入湖河流、出湖口的逐月水量、水质同步监测资料,根据污染源特征优选算法,计算总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)的入、出湖污染物通量,并分析时空变化特征及影响因素.结果表明:(1)出湖口和乐安河入湖口断面的NH3-N、TP及昌江入湖口断面的TP,以点源污染为主,采用每月瞬时通量作为月平均通量的算法更准确;其余以非点源污染为主,采用瞬时污染物浓度与月平均流量之积来计算月平均通量更准确.(2)2008-2012年CODMn、NH3-N和TP年平均人湖通量分别为304398、53063和9175 t,年平均出湖通量分别为367436、45814和8452t.8条入湖河流每年的入湖水量、CODMn通量和个别年份的NH3-N、TP通量小于出湖,这主要是因为未计算区间产流及相应排污和采砂引起的内源污染.(3)入、出湖污染物通量在年际间主要受水量影响而呈现W型波动变化趋势,CODMn、NH3-N、TP入湖通量及CODMn出湖通量均集中在汛期,NH3-N、TP出湖通量则是冬季较多(低水位下湿地植被净化作用受限).入湖TP、NH3-N、CODMn通量主要来自赣江、信江、乐安河,而NH3-N、TP浓度最高的是乐安河、信江.     

砂土液化标贯判别法在天津地区适用性分析

针对天津地区典型的饱和粉土液化判别现状以及抗震设防标准大幅调整的情况,进行标贯判别法的适用性分析。通过收集大量工程钻孔数据,结合唐山地震震后调查研究结果,对比分析国内三种规范标贯法的液化判别效果;并结合Seed简化法对明显液化区、非液化区数据进行液化回判成功率对比。研究结果表明,在Ⅶ度(0.15g)和Ⅷ度(0.20g)条件下,现行《建筑抗震设计规范》(2010版)法在天津地区液化判别的安全度最高,在液化区的判定成功率最高,但在非液化区的误判率也很高,且判定的液化程度等级与实际液化情况相比明显偏重;地标《岩土工程勘察规范》法在液化区的判定成功率较高,与现行抗规2010版接近,但对非液化区的误判率降低比较明显,判定液化程度等级与实际情况吻合性较好,既保证了安全度,又体现出了一定的经济性,对天津地区粉土液化的适用性更好。     

Effect of offshore waves and vegetation on the sediment budget in the Virginia Coast Reserve (VA)

The potential for rapid coastline modification in the face of sea-level rise or other stressors is alarming, since coasts are often densely populated and support valuable infrastructure. In addition to coastal submergence, nutrient-related water pollution is a growing concern for coastal wetlands. Previous studies found that the Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) of coastal wetlands acts as a first-order control of their sustainability, but SSC dynamics are poorly understood. Our study focuses on the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, a shallow multiple tidal inlet system in the USA. We apply numerical modelling (Delft3D-SWAN) and subsequent analyses to determine SSC dynamics within the VCR. In particular, we consider two important controls on SSC in the system: vegetation (seagrass and salt marsh) and offshore waves. Our results show that vegetation colonies and increased wave energy lengthen water residence time. The reduction in the tidal prism decreases SSC export from the bay via tidal inlets, leading to increased sediment retention in the bay. We found that alongshore currents can enhance lagoon SSC by importing fine sediments from an adjacent inlet along the coastline. Our numerical experiments on vegetation seasonality can improve the understanding of wave climate impact on coastal bay sediment budget. Offshore waves increase sediment export from coastal bays, particularly during winter seasons with low vegetation density. Therefore, our study can help managers and stakeholders to understand how to implement restoration strategies for the VCR. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于水位流量关系的流量估算不确定性分析

针对现有水位流量关系线型物理机制不强及流量估算不确定性来源考虑不充分问题,以北江流域石角水文站为例,推导该测站水位流量关系,基于BaRatin模型评估流量测量误差及率定样本选取对估算流量不确定性的影响。发现河槽控制宽浅矩形断面水位流量关系为幂函数,其系数可用糙率、河宽、比降表达,指数为定值5/3;考虑流量测量误差后高水估算流量总不确定性减小32%;率定数据增加1倍、3倍,高水估算流量总不确定性减小12%、34%。结果表明:①水位流量关系模型建立方法可推广至多类型测站;②高水测量误差对率定精度影响较大,建议提高高水流量测量精度;③现有实测水位与流量数据存在信息冗余,主要存在于低水数据中,本方法可减少率定数据使用,降低整编成本。     

基于三维稀疏反演的混合震源数据分离与一次波估计

混合震源采集（下称混采）技术是当前地震勘探的潮流。但是由混采获得的数据中包含相互重叠的由多个震源激发产生的炮记录,会对后续的地震数据处理产生严重干扰。本文针对现有的基于混采数据的稀疏反演一次波估计（EPSI）方法,提出了一种改进的基于三维稀疏反演的混采数据分离与一次波估计方法。我们将混采EPSI方法的地下一次波响应估计过程转化为基于L1范数的双凸优化问题,并用基于L1范数的谱投影梯度（SPGL1）算法进行求解,确保取得全局极值,从而稳定反演过程。此外,我们还用二维曲波变换和一维小波变换组成三维联合稀疏变换对反演过程进行约束,能在确保求解精度的同时较以往的三维曲波稀疏约束大大提高计算速度。将本文方法应用于模拟混采数据和海上实际混采数据,将试算结果与传统混采数据EPSI方法对比,全面验证了本文所述方法的有效性和优越性。     

目标函数权重对PEST-HSPF水文率定的影响研究

参数率定是水文模型构建与应用的重要基础。在多目标水文校准中,不同目标函数的权重设置直接影响校准的结果,如何确定不同目标函数的权重是水文校准的关键问题。选择典型半分布式水文模型HSPF(Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran),基于PEST多目标校准模型,以牛栏江上游流域为研究对象,研究目标函数权重对HSPF水文模拟拟合优度的影响,为HSPF模型参数自动率定提供指导与借鉴。结果表明:(1)当PEST-HSPF水文校准的单目标函数权重(日流量、月流量、超流天数)上升时,模型的纳什系数和相对偏差呈现非线性变化特征,不规则波动幅度较大;(2)3个目标函数的权重在1~10量级内模型能够获得较高的预测能力和较低的误差,模型的纳什系数平均可达到0.8以上,相对偏差在10%以内;(3)超流量天数权重设置对模型的预测能力变化影响较大,日流量天数权重对相对偏差的波动影响较大,当超流天数的相对权重在1~1 000范围内变化时,模型纳什系数在0.02~0.86之间波动剧烈,当日流量相对权重值超过30时,相对偏差变化明显。