Spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants in relation to environmental gradient in the Honghe National Nature Reserve, Northeast China

Quantifying correlation between the spatial patterns of natural wetland plants and environmental gradient gives better understanding of wetland habitats, which is the fundamental for the strategy making on the protection and restoration of natural wetlands. In this study, the spatial patterns of wetland plants and the environmental gradient of wetland habitats were assessed in the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR) in Northeast China, a wetland of international importance on the Ramsar list. Biophysical parameters' values of wetland plants were obtained by field sampling methods, and wetland mapping at the community scale was completed using remote sensing techniques. Digital delineation of the surface water system, hydrological zoning and wetness index were produced by spatial analysis methods in Geographic Information System. An ecological ordination method and two clustering methods were used to quantify the relationship between the spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants and the corresponding environmental gradients. Such quantitative analyses also present the specific diversity of different types of wetland plants based on the environmental attributes of their habitats. With the support from modern geo-information techniques, the experimental results indicate how four ecotypes of wetland plants spatially transit from forest swamp, shrub wetland and meadow into marsh wetland with increasing wetness index and water table. And they also show how wetland spatial distribution patterns are controlled by an environmental gradient of wetness. Another key finding of this research work is that our results present the exact fundamental differences between marsh and non-marsh plants of 11 wetland plant communities within the core study area. Hence, this case study gives a good sample for better understanding of the complex correlation between the spatial patterns of wetland plants and their environmental attributes using advanced digital analysis methods. It is also useful to show how to integrate geoinformatic techniques with statistical analysis methods based on the field data base.     

气候变暖背景下羌塘自然保护区年冻融指数的变化特征

利用1971~2019年羌塘自然保护区5个气象站逐日平均气温和地表温度,通过线性回归和Mann-Kendall等方法,分析气候变暖背景下近49a自然保护区大气和地面冻融指数的时空变化特征,并预估了RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种排放情景下,未来80a（2021~2100年）大气和地面冻融指数的变化。结果表明：(1)自然保护区大气融化指数（ATI）、地面融化指数（GTI）总体上呈自西向东递减的分布,并随海拔升高而减少;大气冻结指数（AFI）和地面冻结指数（GFI）的分布规律不明显,但最大值均出现在安多站,最小值出现在不同站点。(2)近49a自然保护区AFI、GFI分别以−8.97℃·d·a⁻¹、−10.45℃·d·a⁻¹的速率显著减少,ATI、GTI则表现为显著增加趋势,增幅分别为7.05℃·d·a⁻¹和11.38℃·d·a⁻¹,地面冻融指数的变化率大于大气冻融指数的变化率。与青藏高原对比,自然保护区AFI、GFI减幅小,ATI增幅接近,GTI增幅大。(3) AFI、GFI在1970s~1990s为正距平,2000s~2010s为负距平,表现为逐年代递减的变化特征;而ATI、GTI相反,呈逐年代递增的变化特征。(4) AFI、ATI、GFI、GTI分别在2001年、1993年、1999年和1998年发生了突变,ATI突变时间最早,较AFI偏早8a。(5)自然保护区冻结指数FI减少,融化指数TI增加,与平均气温、平均最低气温显著升高、降水量增加、平均风速减小密切相关,还与积雪日数、最大积雪深度的减少有关。(6)未来80a,RCP4.5排放情景下自然保护区AFI、GFI分别将减少322.8℃·d、357.6℃·d,ATI、GTI依次增加262.2℃·d、419.7℃·d;RCP8.5排放情景下,冻融指数的变化率更大。     

珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区湿地分布研究

利用2000～2009年覆盖珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区的MOD09A1和MOD13Q1数据集的相关数据,该保护区1：5万DEM,并结合2008年9月采集的野外湿地数据,进行了基于增强型植被指数（EVI）、改进型调整植被指数（MSAVI）、地表水分指数（LSWI）、海拔和坡度5个参数的保护区湿地分布特征研究。结果表明,珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区的湿地类型主要为河流、湖泊、沼泽和沼泽化草甸;湿地主要分布在海拔4100～4700m且坡度≤4°的佩枯错、浪强错、多布扎等湖泊密集的高原湖盆地区、佩枯错与浪强错之间的平原地带和保护区中部及北部坡度较缓的河谷地区,大部分湿地分布在保护区的实验区内;2000～2008年保护区湿地以季相变化为主,6～9月（湿季）湿地面积约占保护区总面积的11．2％;6～9月湿地面积年际变化幅度小于保护区总面积的0．1％;坡度和海拔是影响保护区湿地空间分布的关键因素和提取该地区湿地空间分布范围的有效参数。     

韭山列岛海洋生态自然保护区及其附近海域底拖网生物资源的分布及群落结构分析

为了解韭山列岛海洋生态自然保护区(下简称保护区)生物资源分布、群落结构特征及受干扰情况,于2012年4月(春)、7月(夏)对保护区及其附近海域进行了底拖网生物资源调查。运用物种多样性指数、丰度生物量比较曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curves,ABC)、相似性聚类(Bray-Curtis)及非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multi-dimensional scaling,NMDS)等方法,比较分析了春、夏季保护区及其附近海域底拖网生物资源的物种多样性、群落结构及稳定性。结果显示:(1)调查海域共出现海洋生物45属47种,隶属7门11纲22目36科,其中保护区42种,保护区附近海域37种,节肢动物丰度和生物量最高;(2)日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicas)为保护区及其附近海域特征种,保护区季节间物种更替率(64.29%)低于其附近海域(72.97%);(3)保护区平均丰度为37.459ind/Agt,平均生物量为59.160g/Agt,其附近海域平均丰度为37.048ind/Agt,平均生物量为37.230g/Agt,保护区丰度和生物量高于其附近海域;(4)春季保护区与其附近海域Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数相近且均较低,夏季保护区多样性指数高于其附近海域;(5)ABC曲线表明,春季保护区及其附近海域处于轻微干扰及未受到干扰状态,夏季保护区处于轻微干扰状态,其附近海域处于重度干扰状态。综上所述,韭山列岛海洋生态自然保护区的设立,在提高物种多样性、物种丰度、生物量及维持群落结构的稳定性方面优于其附近海域。     

Modelling the effects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) on the southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery of Victoria,Australia

Since 2002, 5.3% of the Victorian coastal waters have been declared as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). These are aimed at safeguarding important marine habitats and species, significant natural features, and areas of cultural heritage and aesthetic value. However, MPAs impact the fishery for southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii), as total allowable catches (TACs) were previously set to allow the biomass to recover to pre‐specified target levels. The model on which assessments and risk analyses are based is extended to include the impact of MPAs. The MPAs and the area open to fishing are modelled as subpopulations with different levels of mortality and consequently different density and population size‐structure. A range for the probability of a lobster moving from a MPA to the fished area from 0 to 15% is considered, based on the results of tagging studies. The reduction of biomass available to the commercial fishery because of the introduction of MPAs is estimated to be 8% and 16% (Western and Eastern Zones) respectively. The results of a risk assessment show that if the current TACs are maintained, the time to increase the biomass available to the commercial fishery by 50% would be delayed 5–9 years in the Western Zone and 1–4 years in the Eastern Zone because of the impact of displaced effort. In contrast, spawning biomass in the Eastern Zone is currently below the agreed limit reference point, and the introduction of MPAs would enhance the rate of recovery, although only marginally initially, faster than the absence of the MPAs.     

厦门国家级自然保护区厦门文昌鱼资源及其保护

根据2001年4月－2002年3月在厦门文昌鱼（Branchiostoma belcheri)自然保护区进行4个季度月的文昌鱼资源调查资料，估算保护区内文昌鱼现有资源量约有27.6t，分析了影响文昌鱼生存的不利因素，并对保护区管理与保护提出建议。     

Understanding the cost of establishing marine protected areas

While the recurrent cost of managing marine protected areas (MPAs) has been documented and estimated, there has been virtually no attempt to quantify the cost of establishing MPAs in the first place. This lack of attention is likely the result of the complexity of the process, involving often uncoordinated efforts of a multitude of governmental and non-governmental entities over a protracted period of time with no clear start and end-point. Using information gathered from a representative subset of MPAs worldwide, this paper presents the first attempt to identify and describe the various components, and explore potential predictors of the total funds spent in the course of establishment. The thirteen MPAs studied vary in size (from <1 to >360,000 km²), location (including near- and offshore in both developed and developing countries), objectives and degree of protection. Variation in MPA start-up costs is shown to be most significantly related to both MPA size and the duration of the establishment phase. Development of a method to estimate the potential cost of establishing proposed MPAs should play a crucial role in the conservation planning process.     

中越边境分水岭自然保护区之土壤

中越边境分水岭自然保护区有五个土类,即:砖红壤性红壤、红壤、黄壤、黄棕壤、棕壤。它们按海拔由低到高,依次更替,山体的西南坡为迎风坡,东北坡为背风坡,各土类的界线前者比后者稍高。     

不同岩溶生态系统中元素的地球化学迁移特征比较——以广西弄拉和弄岗自然保护区为例

研究了广西弄拉和弄岗自然保护区两种不同岩溶生态系统的元素地球化学循环特点,结果表明,弄拉、弄岗的成土过程都表现为Si和Fe相对累积,而其它化学元素则表现为相对淋失。弄岗与弄拉相比,其元素的淋失程度更为强烈,但在植物中两者表现出比较相似的元素地球化学特点。弄岗泉水p H比弄拉的低,水的溶蚀能力增大,水中可溶物增多,元素循环也比弄拉的快。      

螺髻山自然保护区生态旅游设计与产业化组织

生态旅游是当今旅游发展的重点领域。生态旅游组织是研究相互关系的调控,营造生态旅游开发的产前一产中一产后组织环节的链接条件和外部环境,指导区域旅游健康发展和决策。结合实际案例,从宏观和微观两个层次上,重点分析了生态旅游开发的景观分区、总体思路、项目组织、拳头产品选择、生态旅游示范村设计和环境保育等组织程序,提出了保护区生态旅游组织的重点方向和宏观调控的市场运作方式。