甘肃敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区作用及现存问题的分析

敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区湿地及植被是敦煌绿洲的生态屏障,通过对其作用及现存问题的分析,提出了相应的保护对策,以期为提高保护区资源的管理水平,充分发挥其生态、社会和经济效益,为我国西部生态环境建设提供支持。     

江西铜钹山自然保护区贝类物种多样性

基于2012年7月至2013年8月调查的江西铜钹山自然保护区贝类资源,研究保护区内贝类的物种多样性,以及在不同生境类型下的分布规律和区系与动物地理组成,探索该地区内贝类物种组成和栖息环境之间的关系。通过定性与定量的方法共采得贝类42种及亚种,分别隶属于2纲4目16科28属。其中,淡水贝类15种,分别隶属于2纲3目7科10属;陆生贝类27种,分别隶属于1纲3目9科18属,其中有3种为江西的新记录：小柱倍唇螺（Diplommatina paxillus）、三重真卷螺（Euplecta trifilaris）和小石环肋螺（Plectotropis calculus）。淡水贝类优势种为放逸短沟蜷（Semisulcospira libertine）和小土蜗（Galba pervia）,陆生贝类优势种为扁恰里螺（Kaliella depressa）、弗氏巴蜗牛（Bradybaena fortunei）和灰尖巴蜗牛（Bradybaena ravida ravida）。贝类动物地理区系组成以东洋界为主,共22种,占总种数的52.38%。采用Margalef丰富度指数d_MA、Shannon-Wiener（1949）多样性指数H'、Pielou均匀度指数J_SW对在不同生境类型下的贝类多样性进行分析,结果表明：灌丛生境陆生贝类的丰富度指数和多样性指数均最高,针阔混交林生境的均匀度指数最高。根据Jaccard公式计算并比较铜钹山与邻近自然保护区陆生贝类物种相似性系数发现：铜钹山自然保护区陆生贝类物种较丰富;与阳际峰自然保护区陆生贝类物种相似系数较高,为23.33%,与湖南莽山自然保护区物种相似性系数较低,为6.45%,并对其相似性差异进行了原因分析。     

Medicinal Plants Harvesting in Wolong National Nature Reserve

A combination of sample surveys and questionnaires were used to investigate the harvesting of wild medicinal plants (WMP) in Wolong National Nature Reserve (WNNR) from August 2014 to July 2015. These surveys showed that up to 20 families and 45 species of WMP were harvested in WNNR. Gastrodia elata, Paris polyphylla, Fritillaria thun-bergli, Rheum officinale, Rhodiola rosea, Saussurea medusa, Notopterygium root, Radix Ginseng, Buddha’s palm were harvested intensely. The harvesting, which occurred mainly in autumn and winter (from June to October) in the test area, buffer area and core area, was located mostly in the residential and crop production areas of Wolong Town and Gengda Town, and in the timberline, alpine meadows and scree areas of Dengshenggou Ravine and Balangshan Mountain (specifically in Dengshenggou, Tangfang, Tizigou Ravine, Weijiagou Ravine and Reshuihe River areas). Among all the harvesters, 58% came from inside the WNNR, and 42% came from outside the WNNR; 87% were male, and 13% were female; 6% were under the age of 18, 69% were 19-45 years old, 19% were 46-65 years old, 6% were over 66 years old. The main purpose of harvesting was commercial sale to increase household income. Based on the analysis and discussion of the results, comprehensive management measures were introduced to strengthen the awareness and efficacy of laws and regulations, integrate the enforcement of these laws, establish and strengthen inspections. Skills training and the domestication of the wild medicinal materials were used to encourage the surplus labor force to avoid excessive harvesting and move into other agricultural endeavors.     

小五台山自然保护区苔藓植物研究

根据对小五台山国家级自然保护区苔藓植物资源的实地调查和室内鉴定,该文分析了保护区内苔藓植物区系的基本组成,统计了科、属、种的数目及其优势科、属;讨论了苔藓植物的10种区系成分及其区系特征,其中北温带成分居主导地位,针对苔藓植物资源的现状,提出合理开发利用的建议。     

甘肃敦煌地区疏勒河尾闾区地下水化学特征及成因分析

疏勒河尾闾区是护卫敦煌绿洲及文化的生态安全屏障,但是对地下水化学的研究相对较少.本次研究在野外调查及采样测试的基础上,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、离子相关性分析、Gibbs图及离子比例系数等方法明确了疏勒河尾闾区的地下水化学特征,并对其成因进行了分析.结果表明:疏勒河尾闾区地下水水质总体呈弱碱性,具有高溶解性总...     

Policy Drivers of U.S. Wetland Conversion Rates, 1955–2009

While conversion of wetlands to nonagricultural purposes has persisted, the five U.S. national wetland inventory reports spanning 1955–2009 show a large decline in the rate of conversion of wetlands for agriculture, especially from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. Through regression and path analysis, this study identifies primary policy and economic drivers of this decline in wetland conversions. The Clean Water Act §404 is strongly and negatively related to conversion rates. Crop prices affect wetland conversions both directly, by influencing returns to investments for conversion, and indirectly, by influencing Conservation and Wetland Reserve Program enrollments as well as the regulatory impact of Swampbuster. Along with the proportion of wetlands remaining, these factors explain 90–94% of the annual variation in total wetland conversions, agricultural conversions, and conversion of forested and emergent wetlands.     

辽东山地老秃顶子古冰缘地貌植物种群生态位特征

基于48块样地的群落调查数据,以样地代表多种资源的综合状态,以物种重要值作为生态位计测的状态指标,采用Levins指数与Schoener指数,对辽东山地老秃顶子古冰缘地貌植物群落乔木层、灌木层及草本层植物的生态位特征进行了系统研究。结果表明：① 乔木层内臭冷杉（Abies nephrolepis）生态位宽度最大,为泛化乔木种;臭冷杉与长白鱼鳞云杉（Picea jezoensis var. komarovii）的生态位重叠值高达0.616,共优生存于暗针叶林中。② 灌木层内生态位宽度较大的狗枣猕猴桃（Actinidia kolomikta）、单花忍冬（Lonicera subhispida）、大翅卫矛（Euonymus macropterus）和关东丁香（Syringa velutina）为落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林下的泛化种;狗枣猕猴桃与单花忍冬的生态位重叠值高达0.610。③ 草本层内生态位宽度较大的东北羊角芹（Aegopodium alpestre）、荨麻叶龙头草（Meehania urticifolia）、酢浆草（Oxalis corniculata）为研究区泛化草本植物;东北羊角芹与荨麻叶龙头草的生态位重叠值高达0.702。     

ArcView平台下西双版纳纳板河自然保护区可持续发展信息系统的设计与开发

ArcView是美国ESRI公司研制的基于窗口的集成GIS系统，它以其强大的功能为GIS应用提供了一个有伸缩性的软件平台和二次开发环境。Avenue正是基于这一平台的面向对象的程序设计语言，具有多种用途。文章介绍了基于ArcView平台的西双版纳纳板河自然保护区可持续发展信息系统（NRSDIS）的设计思想、系统结构；探讨了系统界面设计和系统功能开发的主要内容以及如何在ArcView环境下建立该系统的具体实现方法，希望其在自然保护现代化管理中得到广泛应用。     

中国东北红河国家级自然保护区湿地植被空间格局与环境梯度关系(英文)

Quantifying correlation between the spatial patterns of natural wetland plants and environmental gradient gives better understanding of wetland habitats, which is the fundamental for the strategy making on the protection and restoration of natural wetlands. In this study, the spatial patterns of wetland plants and the environmental gradient of wetland habitats were assessed in the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR) in Northeast China, a wetland of international importance on the Ramsar list. Biophysical parameters’ values of wetland plants were obtained by field sampling methods, and wetland mapping at the community scale was completed using remote sensing techniques. Digital delineation of the surface water system, hydrological zoning and wetness index were produced by spatial analysis methods in Geographic Information System. An ecological ordination method and two clustering methods were used to quantify the relationship between the spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants and the corresponding environmental gradients. Such quantitative analyses also present the specific diversity of different types of wetland plants based on the environmental attributes of their habitats. With the support from modern geo-information techniques, the experimental results indicate how four ecotypes of wetland plants spatially transit from forest swamp, shrub wetland and meadow into marsh wetland with increasing wetness index and water table. And they also show how wetland spatial distribution patterns are controlled by an environmental gradient of wetness. Another key finding of this research work is that our results present the exact fundamental differences between marsh and non-marsh plants of 11 wetland plant communities within the core study area. Hence, this case study gives a good sample for better understanding of the complex correlation between the spatial patterns of wetland plants and their environmental attributes using advanced digital analysis methods. It is also useful to show how to integrate geoinformatic techniques with statistical analysis methods based on the field data base.     

Effect of offshore waves and vegetation on the sediment budget in the Virginia Coast Reserve (VA)

The potential for rapid coastline modification in the face of sea-level rise or other stressors is alarming, since coasts are often densely populated and support valuable infrastructure. In addition to coastal submergence, nutrient-related water pollution is a growing concern for coastal wetlands. Previous studies found that the Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) of coastal wetlands acts as a first-order control of their sustainability, but SSC dynamics are poorly understood. Our study focuses on the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, a shallow multiple tidal inlet system in the USA. We apply numerical modelling (Delft3D-SWAN) and subsequent analyses to determine SSC dynamics within the VCR. In particular, we consider two important controls on SSC in the system: vegetation (seagrass and salt marsh) and offshore waves. Our results show that vegetation colonies and increased wave energy lengthen water residence time. The reduction in the tidal prism decreases SSC export from the bay via tidal inlets, leading to increased sediment retention in the bay. We found that alongshore currents can enhance lagoon SSC by importing fine sediments from an adjacent inlet along the coastline. Our numerical experiments on vegetation seasonality can improve the understanding of wave climate impact on coastal bay sediment budget. Offshore waves increase sediment export from coastal bays, particularly during winter seasons with low vegetation density. Therefore, our study can help managers and stakeholders to understand how to implement restoration strategies for the VCR. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.