Infrared speckle imaging: Data reduction with application to binary stars

The extended Knox-Thompson reduction scheme currently in use at Kitt Peak National Observatory and Steward Observatory for the reduction of infrared speckle interferometry is described in detail. Applications of this algorithm and the less computationally intensive shift-and-add analysis to both simulated and real binary star data is presented demonstrating that the latter may be successfully used for image reconstruction by using a separately measured point source. The performance of both techniques is shown to improve by application of an iterative deconvolution algorithm to apply a priori image constraints without degradation of photometric information.Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc. (AURA) under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation     

VARIABILITY IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SEA TEMPERATURE VARIATION CONSIDERING THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS

By adopting characteristic index data for the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) from the National Climate Center of China, U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea surface temperature (SST) data, we studied the WPSH variability considering the background of climate warming by using a Gaussian filter, moving averages, correlation analysis, and synthetic analysis. Our results show that with climate warming over the past 60 years, significant changes in the WPSH include its enlarged area, strengthened intensity, westward extended ridge point and southward expanded southern boundary, as well as enhanced interannual fluctuations in all these indices. The western ridge point of the WPSH consistently varies with temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere, but the location of the ridgeline varies independently. The intensity and area of the WPSH were both significantly increased in the late 1980s. Specifically, the western ridge point started to significantly extend westward in the early 1990s, and the associated interannual variability had a significant increase in the late 1990s; in addition, the ridgeline was swaying along the north-south-north direction, and the corresponding variability was also greatly enhanced in the late 1990s. With climate warming, the SST increase becomes more weakly correlated with the WPSH intensity enhancement but more strongly correlated with the westward extension of the ridge point in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific Ocean in winter, corresponding to an expanding WPSH in space. In the northern Pacific in winter, the SST decrease has a weaker correlation with the southerly location of the ridgeline but also a stronger correlation with the westward extension of the ridge point. In the tropical western Pacific in winter, the correlations of the SST decrease with the WPSH intensity enhancement, and the westward extension of the ridge point is strengthened. These observations can be explained by strengthened Hadley circulations, the dominant effects of the southward shift, and additional effects of the weakened ascending branch of the Walker circulation during warm climatological periods, which consequently lead to strengthened intensities, increased areas, and southward expansions of the WPSH in summer.     

青海盐湖锂资源开发现状及对提锂产业发展建议

中国正处在环境污染治理和产业结构调整的关键时期,发展新能源产业是应对能源和环境危机的必然选择;同时,锂资源储备和提锂技术直接影响到国家能源战略安全。中国科学院青海盐湖所经过二十年开发,目前已形成一套成熟的选择性离子迁移分离提锂技术,并经过了产业化和工业应用验证,核心技术达到国际领先水平。该产业化具有绿色、高效、低能耗、低物耗、低产品成本、高纯度等特点,技术通用性好,可推广应用到青海、西藏高海拔生态脆弱地区以及南美玻利维亚、阿根廷、智利等高镁锂比盐湖中锂的分离提取,在高钙镁地热水、油(气)田水提锂方面也有一定的应用潜力。     

班戈错盐湖古湖岸堤石英光释光年代学及其古环境指示意义研究

古湖岸堤是湖泊湖面变化的地貌学证据,通过古湖岸堤沉积年代学研究可重建地质时期湖泊演化历史。青藏高原内陆湖泊众多,保存了大量的第四纪时期古湖岸堤,是研究过去湖泊演化和气候变化信息的重要载体。对青藏高原班戈错盐湖北岸和东岸的低位连续古湖岸堤开展了地貌调查和光释光年代学研究。结果表明班戈错自末次冰消期(13. 5±1. 2 ka BP)以来,湖面整体呈波动下降过程,期间出现了4期湖面稳定阶段,分别在末次冰消期(13. 5±1. 2～11. 2±1. 0 ka BP)、全新世早中期(10. 1±0. 8～6. 5±0. 5 ka BP)、全新世后期(4. 2±0. 4～3. 1±0. 2 ka BP)以及全新世晚期(1. 7±0. 1～1. 2±0. 1 ka BP)。全新世晚期约1. 7 ka BP以后湖面迅速退缩,湖泊蒸发浓缩进入盐湖阶段。在末次冰消期班戈错高湖面形成主要与北半球太阳辐射强度增加引起气温升高,导致区域冰雪融水量增加相关,而在全新世湖面变化主要受印度季风强度变化控制。     

Isotopic and geochemical constraints on the age and origin of granitoids from the central Mawson Escarpment, southern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica

Granitoids from the central Mawson Escarpment (southern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica) range in age from Archaean to Early Ordovician. U–Pb dating of zircon from these rocks indicates that they were emplaced in three distinct pulses: at 3,519 ± 20, 2,123 ± 12 Ma and between 530 and 490 Ma. The Archaean rocks form a layer-parallel sheet of limited extent observed in the vicinity of Harbour Bluff. This granitoid is of tonalitic-trondhjemitic composition and has a Sr-undepleted, Y-depleted character typical of Archaean TTG suites. ε_Nd and T_DM values for these rocks are −2.1 and 3.8 Ga, respectively. Subsequent Palaeoproterozoic intrusions are of granitic composition (senso stricto) with pronounced negative Sr anomalies. These rocks have ε_Nd and T_DM values of −4.8 and 2.87 Ga, indicating that these rocks were probably melted from an appreciably younger source than that tapped by the Early Archaean orthogneiss. The remaining intrusions are of Early Cambrian to Ordovician age and were emplaced coincident with the major orogenic event observed in this region. Cambro–Ordovician intrusive activity included the emplacement of layer-parallel pre-deformational granite sheets at approximately 530 Ma, and the intrusion of cross cutting post-tectonic granitic and pegmatitic dykes at ca. 490 Ma. These intrusive events bracket middle- to upper-amphibolite facies deformation and metamorphism, the age of which is constrained to ca. 510 Ma—the age obtained from a syn-tectonic leucogneiss. Nd–Sr isotope data from the more felsic Cambro–Ordovican intrusions (SiO₂ > 70 wt%), represented by the post-tectonic granite and pegmatite dykes, suggest these rocks were derived from Late Archaean or Palaeoproterozoic continental crust (T_DM ∼ 3.5–2.3 Ga, ε_Nd ∼ −21.8 to −25.9) not dissimilar to that tapped by the Early Proterozoic intrusions. In contrast, the compositionally more intermediate rocks (SiO₂ < 65 wt%), represented by the metaluminous pre-tectonic Turk orthogneiss, appear to have melted from a notably younger lithospheric or depleted mantle source (T_DM = 1.91 Ga, ε_Nd ∼ −14.5). The Turk orthogneiss additionally shows isotopic (low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and geochemical (high Sr/Y) similarities to magmas generated at modern plate boundaries—the first time such a signature has been identified for Cambrian intrusive rocks in this sector of East Antarctica. These data demonstrate that: (1) the intrusive history of the Lambert Complex differs from that observed in the adjacent tectonic provinces exposed to the north and the south and (2) the geochemical characteristics of the most mafic of the known Cambrian intrusions are supportive of the notion that Cambrian orogenesis occurred at a plate boundary. This leads to the conclusion that the discrete tectonic provinces observed in the southern Prince Charles Mountains were likely juxtaposed as a result of Early Cambrian tectonism.     

Transport properties of low-sanidine single-crystals, glasses and melts at high temperature

Thermal diffusivity (D) was measured using laser-flash analysis from oriented single-crystal low-sanidine (K_0.92Na_0.08Al_0.99Fe³⁺ _0.005Si_2.95O₈), and three glasses near KAlSi₃O₈. Viscosity measurements of the three supercooled liquids, in the range 10^6.8 to 10^12.3 Pa s, confirm near-Arrhenian behavior, varying subtly with composition. For crystal and glass, D decreases with T, approaching a constant near 1,000 K: D _sat ∼ 0.65 ± 0.3 mm² s⁻¹ for bulk crystal and ∼0.53 ± 0.03 mm² s⁻¹ for the glass. A rapid decrease near 1,400 K is consistent with crossing the glass transition. Melt behavior is approximated by D = 0.475 ± 0.01 mm² s⁻¹. Thermal conductivity (k _lat) of glass, calculated using previous heat capacity (C _P) and new density data, increases with T because C _P strongly increases with T. For melt, k _lat reaches a plateau near 1.45 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, and is always below k _lat of the crystal. Melting of potassium feldspars impedes heat transport, providing positive thermal feedback that may promote further melting in continental crust.     

Effects of in-situ conditions on relative permeability characteristics of CO2-brine systems

Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCGS) is an emerging technology that is increasingly being considered for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Deep saline aquifers provide a very large capacity for CO₂ storage and, unlike hydrocarbon reservoirs and coal beds, are immediately accessible and are found in all sedimentary basins. Proper understanding of the displacement character of CO₂-brine systems at in-situ conditions is essential in ascertaining CO₂ injectivity, migration and trapping in the pore space as a residual gas or supercritical fluid, and in assessing the suitability and safety of prospective CO₂ storage sites. Because of lack of published data, the authors conducted a program of measuring the relative permeability and other displacement characteristics of CO₂-brine systems for sandstone, carbonate and shale formations in central Alberta in western Canada. The tested formations are representative of the in-situ characteristics of deep saline aquifers in compacted on-shore North American sedimentary basins. The results show that the capillary pressure, interfacial tension, relative permeability and other displacements characteristics of CO₂-brine systems depend on the in-situ conditions of pressure, temperature and water salinity, and on the pore size distribution of the sedimentary rock. This paper presents a synthesis and interpretation of the results.     

Evaluation and use of Resourcesat-I data for agricultural applications

Resourcesat-1 satellite offers a unique opportunity of simultaneous observations at three different spatial scales through LISS-IV, LISS-III^* (improved LISS-III) and AWiFS sensors from a common platform. The sensors have enhanced capabilities in terms of spectral, spatial and radiometric resolution as compared to earlier Indian Remote sensing Satellite sensors. This paper summarizes the results of various studies such as evaluation of sensor characteristics, inter-sensor comparison studies, derivation and validation of surface reflectance measurements, quantification of improvements due to Resourcesat-1 sensors, and their use for various agricultural applications. The studies presented in this paper demonstrate that suit of sensors onboard Resourcesat-1 satellite provides better prospects for several agricultural applications like crop identification, discrimination and crop inventory for some major Indian crops, than its predecessors on IRS satellites.     

西伯利亚高压强度与北大西洋海温异常的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA海温等资料,采用EOF、相关分析等方法,研究了西伯利亚高压(Siberian High,SH)强度和北大西洋海表温度(SST)的变化特征,揭示了二者的联系及其时空变化。结果表明:1)冬季SH在1960s中后期开始偏弱,2003年后略增强。2)各季北大西洋SST指数(全区平均SST的标准化距平)均在1960s中期后偏低,1990s末后偏高。北大西洋海温三极子位相由正转负的时间在春冬季(1970s初)晚于夏秋季(1960s初),而后均在1990s中期后进入正位相。3)各季偏高(低)的北大西洋SST指数和海温三极子正(负)位相均有利于冬季SH偏强(弱),但前者与SH的关系更显著,且冬季最强。北大西洋北部和西南部是影响SH强度的关键区,但SH对北部SST异常的响应范围在冬季最大,而对西南部的响应范围在夏季最大。4)当冬季大西洋SST指数异常偏高时,下游激发出的罗斯贝波列使乌拉尔山高压脊加强,使SH上空负相对涡度平流增大,高层辐合和低层辐散增强,整个对流层下沉气流深厚,促使SH增强,反之亦然。     

MODELING OF THE HIGH CONCENTRATION LAYER OF COHESIVE SEDIMENT UNDER THE ACTION OF WAVES AND CURRENTS

MODELING OF THE HIGH CONCENTRATION LAYEROF COIIESIVE SEDMNT UNDER Tus ACTIONOF WAVES AND CURRENTSQinghe ZHANG', Yongsheng WU', Jiian LIAN1 and Pingxing DING3Abstract:High concenhation layer of cohesive sediment frequenhy occurs in muddy estUaries and coastalzones, and causes raPid siltation of the waterways. A one dimensional vertical coupled modeldescribing the interactions betWeen waves, currentS and suspended cohesive sediment is develoPed inthe pre…