信息技术与地学的发展现状和展望

简述了信息技术与地学的发展现状,并对MAPGIS进行展望。     

‘I’m not in it for the money’: Constructing and mediating ethical reconnections in UK social banking

Over the last decade a range of social banks and Community Development Finance Initiatives (CDFIs) have developed a social investment sector in the UK. Some of these organisations emphasise their belief in partnership, association, reconnecting and re-humanising the relationship between investors with borrowers in order to reap social returns. ‘Ethical’ investors are encouraged to take sub-market returns on their investments in order for surpluses to be distributed to the organisations’ beneficiaries. Some key theoretical and political questions include: how are investors enrolled in these initiatives? What discourses of ethics are constructed and how do investors relate to them? How do these discourses relate to debates in geography revolving around ‘caring at a distance’? Drawing on work on the Charity Bank and the Industrial Common Ownership Fund (ICOF), this paper analyses how these discourses are constructed and mediates the relationship between investors and borrowers. It explores stakeholders both investors’ and borrowers’ perceptions of these activities as well as the way investors construct their own reasons for investing.     

基于地学G~4I系统的元数据分类方法

以实现空间数据的标准化为前提,对空间数据库中元数据管理系统的作用和分类原则进行了探讨,指出了传统的分类方法对于以矿产资源预测为目标的地学系统而言存在着弊端。需要结合矿产资源预测的特点,对空间数据库建设中元数据的分类原则进行补充,提出了面向客户应用即按矿产资源预测目标进行分类,实现对空间数据查询的高效利用。该方法可以在地学G4I系统中得以实施和应用。     

Big Data Analytics for Earth Sciences: the EarthServer approach

Big Data Analytics is an emerging field since massive storage and computing capabilities have been made available by advanced e-infrastructures. Earth and Environmental sciences are likely to benefit from Big Data Analytics techniques supporting the processing of the large number of Earth Observation datasets currently acquired and generated through observations and simulations. However, Earth Science data and applications present specificities in terms of relevance of the geospatial information, wide heterogeneity of data models and formats, and complexity of processing. Therefore, Big Earth Data Analytics requires specifically tailored techniques and tools. The EarthServer Big Earth Data Analytics engine offers a solution for coverage-type datasets, built around a high performance array database technology, and the adoption and enhancement of standards for service interaction (OGC WCS and WCPS). The EarthServer solution, led by the collection of requirements from scientific communities and international initiatives, provides a holistic approach that ranges from query languages and scalability up to mobile access and visualization. The result is demonstrated and validated through the development of lighthouse applications in the Marine, Geology, Atmospheric, Planetary and Cryospheric science domains.     

天文星表入库的自动化

天文数据主要包括星表、星图、光谱、文献资料等,其中星表是包含天体信息的数据表格,是天文学家最常用到的天文数据。目前天文数据分布存储在全球各个数据中心。中国最大的天文数据中心是北京天文数据中心,其数据库的重要部分是天文星表数据库。本文阐述了建设天文星表数据库的意义,着重探讨了星表自动入库工具的实现,并介绍了在天文星表数据库基础上的数据融合和数据挖掘。     

Construction of the Database for Pulsating Variable Stars

A database for pulsating variable stars is constructed to favor the study of variable stars in China. The database includes about 230,000 variable stars in the Galactic bulge, LMC and SMC observed in an about 10 yr period by the MACHO(MAssive Compact Halo Objects) and OGLE(Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) projects. The software used for the construction is LAMP, i.e., Linux+Apache+MySQL+PHP. A web page is provided for searching the photometric data and light curves in the database through the right ascension and declination of an object. Because of the flexibility of this database, more up-to-date data of variable stars can be incorporated into the database conveniently.     

The irrigation technozone: State power,expertise, and agrarian development in the U.S. West and British Punjab, 1880–1920

Many of the world’s deserts were transformed by irrigation expertise at the beginning of the 20th century. An irrigation “technological zone” emerged to facilitate the circulation of engineering expertise and the territorial expansion of the U.S. and British imperial states. Hydraulic engineers considered themselves globally connected technicians providing practical solutions to the political problems of poverty and famine. Although premised on the neutrality and universal applicability of scientific principles, the practices and environmental expertise of irrigation engineers were firmly rooted in regional state/society formations, which sought to increase agricultural production and induce settlement with irrigation. This paper analyzes the globalization of irrigation expertise through a relational comparison of the irrigation narratives of the British Punjab and the Western U.S., 1880–1920. The analysis demonstrates that the irrigation technological zone was significantly formed by place-based dynamics that, in turn, shaped irrigation as a mode of environmental expertise.     

Relational networks of knowledge production in transnational law firms

For geographers, debates surrounding the knowledge economy have reinvigorated interest in the geographies of learning and knowledge production. Particularly topical are discussions of the possibility of spatially stretched (global) learning, something especially relevant to professional service firms where the production and management of knowledge across transnational organizational networks is essential. Taking this as its starting point, the paper explores the way knowledge is produced and circulated in transnational legal professional service firms. Drawing on the ideas of relational economic geography to analyse original empirical material, it highlights the way relational networks are socially constructed to allow learning to be stretched across space. The paper then goes on to identify the ‘politics’ of inclusion in these networks and the exclusivity of membership. It also highlights the geographies of power that influence the nature and effect of the knowledge produced and circulated. It does this by examining the role of relational knowledge networks in the ‘Americanization’ of legal practice in Europe and the impacts of such changes on national institutional and regulatory contexts. It is, therefore, argued that transnational corporate networks need to be viewed as heterogeneous and ‘embedded spaces of social practice’. It is shown that studying the actors and their interactions across relational networks is vital to fully understand how global relational forms are constructed and to understand their structuring effects on the global economy.     

基于时间语义的地籍管理信息系统数据组织与实现

地籍管理信息系统属于GIS范畴,具有很强的时态特性,如何高效地组织时空数据是系统成败的关键。本文在分析地籍管理信息系统必要性以及时间概念及其具体含义的基础上,引入时间语义,提出基于时间语义的数据模型。根据语义对地籍管理信息系统的时空数据组织方法进行了研究。并根据地籍管理对模型的要求,分别从时间点、时间段角度对历史信息进行查询和回溯,验证了模型的可行性。     

面向城市规划的空间数据库动态更新模型研究

本文针对长期困扰城市空间数据库建设的"更新冲突"和"更新速度慢"问题进行了深入分析,在研究、借鉴前人的时空数据更新方法的基础上,根据城市规划空间数据实际生产特点,将时间维引入城市空间数据库,按照事件驱动思想,提出了基于对象特征的数据动态更新模型和动态更新机制,解决数据管理与数据生产之间数据并发性更新需要,并能实现数据库不同历史时期版本输出问题。按照此数据动态更新模型,作者在内外业系统上进行开发实现,并通过生产实验验证,分析应用效果。