地球系统科学与地球信息科学

地球系统科学不是脱离社会而存在的一门科学,不是纯自然的科学。研究地球系统科学应该始终如一贯穿"顶天立地"的统一性原则:"顶天"即研究全球变化,"立地"则面向区域持续发展。区域模型和宏观调控信息系统依次作为两个中间层次,有机地将全球变化研究和区域持续发展联系起来,构成地球系统科学体系;时代进步和社会发展要求:地球系统科学研究要运用空间信息技术工具和手段,以服务区域持续发展为最终目标.区域持续发展要依靠宏观调控,宏观调控则依靠信息。地理信息系统作为空间信息技术组成部分,直接参与实现区域持续发展,成为地球系统科学的一个重要支柱。     

地理信息系统应用与社会背景分析

随着社会信息化的加速发展,地理信息系统应用不断扩大与深化.本文综合分析GIS产业化、大型系统的建立、应用特点和地域差别等问题,并对其社会背影进行探讨,认为信息高速公路和区域持续发展为GIS发展提供了巨大动力,一个新的GIS应用热潮即将到来.     

非平稳时间序列的区域预测研究

基于重构状态空间理论和嵌入定理,给出一个新的非平稳场时间序列的区域预测方法。该方法将外强迫因子引入到预测模型中,并且将区域内预测相点的周围相点所对应的空间信息也引入到预测模型中。然后利用该方法对33模Lorenz系统得到的"理想"的非平稳场时间序列进行预测实验分析。结果表明,嵌入外强迫因子可以更好地重构出原来的动力系统,有效地提高非平稳时间序列的预测精度;同时引入空间和外强迫信息可以利用空间数据弥补时间序列长度的不足,从而进一步提高预测精度。     

我国对流层臭氧增加对气温的影响

利用耦台的区域气候模式和大气化学模式模拟对流层臭氧的产生、分布和对辐射传输、地表温度、气温等的影响。通过对比模拟发现：对流层中臭氧的增加基本使大气顶晴空辐射强迫为正；对流层中的臭氧含量变化能影响云量且进一步影响温度。由于对流层臭氧增加导致的晴空辐射强迫在4月份最大、1月份最小。     

Effects of Different Initial Fields on GRAPES Numerical Prediction

In this paper,a heavy rainfall process occurring in the Huaihe River Basin during 9-10 July 2005 is studied by the new generation numerical weather prediction model system-GRAPES,from the view of different initial field effects on the prediction of the model.Several numerical experiments are conducted with the initial conditions and lateral boundary fields provided by T213 L31 and NCEP final analyses,respectively. The sensitivity of prediction products generated by GRAPES to different initial conditions,including effects of three-dimensional variational assimilation on the results,is discussed.After analyzing the differences between the two initial fields and the four simulated results,the memonic ability of the model to initial fields and their influences on precipitation forecast are investigated.Analyses show the obvious differences of sub-synoptic scale between T213 and NCEP initial fields,which result in the corresponding different simulation results,and the differences do not disappear with the integration running.It also shows that for the same initial field whether it has data assimilation or not,it only obviously influences the GRAPES model results in the initial 24 h.Then the differences reduce.In addition,both the Iocation and intensity of heavy rain forecasted by GRAPES model Further is very close to the fact,but the forecasting area of strong torrential rain has some differences from the fact.For the same initial field when it has assimilation, the 9-12-,12-24-,and 0-24-h precipitation forecasts of the model are better than those without assimilation. All these suggest that the ability of GRAPES numerical prediction depends on the different initial fields and lateral boundary conditions to some extent,and the differences of initial fields will determine the differences of GRAPES simulated results.     

CSU－RAMS模式在区域气侯模拟中的应用

将ＣＳＵ－ＲＡＭＳ（中尺度）数值模式改造成“区域气候数值模式”以及进行区域气候数值模拟的试验研究。说明将有限区域中尺度数值模式与ＧＣＭ模式嵌套区域气候数值模拟研究上能够取得有意义的结果,它能在一定程度上改善ＧＣＭ模式的不足,可以更为细致地描述大气环流的变化特征,是了解区域气候变化的有效方法之一。     

非均匀地表条件下区域蒸发散通量计算方法的研究

文章改进了计算蒸发散通量的 Kotada-Barton模式（K-B模式)。经长江三角洲地区和淮河流域试验区各种不同陆面条件（水面，森林，麦田和水稻田）下的实际应用并通过和其它方法比较，认为该方法计算精度与涡动相关法及鲍恩比法相当，不论是计算蒸发散通量的瞬时值或日值都具有较高的可信度。该方法的最大优点在于它仅仅依赖于土地资源遥感信息、常规气象资料和基础地理信息如地面高程，而到目前为止上述资料均可以通过卫星等手段及常规观测得到。利用此方法计算了长江三角洲地区各种地表面上1995年各月的蒸发散量及该地区的区域平均蒸发散量。结果证明此方法具有较高的精确度，且基础资料容易得到，是一种估计不同地表覆盖条件下的蒸发散量和具有复杂的地形和土地利用条件下的区域平均蒸发散量的有用工具。     

基于RegCM4模式的中国区域日尺度降水模拟误差订正

气候模式模拟得到的各气候变量与观测相比,总会存在一定的偏差,所得到的气候变化预估结果难以在影响评估模型中直接应用。本文尝试对一个区域气候模式（RegCM4.4）所模拟的中国区域逐日降水,基于概率分布（分位数映射）方法进行统计误差订正。在订正过程中,以模拟时段1991~2010年中的前半段（1991~2000年）作为参照时段,建立传递函数,对后一时段（2001~2010年）进行订正并检验其效果。首先对使用参数和非参数所建立的6种不同传递函数方法进行对比,发现6种方法均可明显减少降水模拟的误差,其中利用非参数转换建立传递函数的RQUANT方法效果更好。随后进一步分析了采用该方法对模式模拟降水所做订正的效果,结果表明,该方法可以明显改善对平均降水,以及降水年际变率和极端事件的模拟结果。     

Projected Changes in Surface Air Temperature and Surface Wind in the Gulf of St. Lawrence

Abstract

The impacts of climate change on surface air temperature (SAT) and winds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) are investigated by performing simulations from 1970 to 2099 with the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM), driven by a five-member ensemble. Three members are from Canadian Global Climate Model (CGCM3) simulations following scenario A1B from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); one member is from the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) simulation, also following the A1B scenario; and one member is from the CCSM4 (version 4) simulation following the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) scenario. Compared with North America Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data, it is shown that CRCM can reproduce the observed SAT spatial patterns; for example, both CRCM simulations and NARR data show a warm SAT tongue along the eastern Gulf; CRCM simulations also capture the dominant northwesterly winds in January and the southwesterly winds in July. In terms of future climate scenarios, the spatial patterns of SAT show plausible seasonal variations. In January, the warming is 3°–3.5°C in the northern Gulf and 2.5°–3°C near Cabot Strait during 2040–2069, whereas the warming is more uniform during 2070–2099, with SAT increases of 4°–5°C. In summer, the warming gradually decreases from the western side of the GSL to the eastern side because of the different heat capacities between land and water. Moreover, the January winds increase by 0.2–0.4?m?s^?1 during 2040–2069, related to weakening stability in the atmospheric planetary boundary layer. However, during 2070–2099, the winds decrease by 0.2–0.4?m?s^?1 over the western Gulf, reflecting the northeastward shift in northwest Atlantic storm tracks. In July, enhanced baroclinicity along the east coast of North America dominates the wind changes, with increases of 0.2–0.4?m?s^?1. On average, the variance for the SAT changes is about 10% of the SAT increase, and the variance for projected wind changes is the same magnitude as the projected changes, suggesting uncertainty in the latter.     

Changes in zooplankton abundance and diversity after ballast water exchange in regional seas

A study of the efficiency of ballast water exchange (BWE) in regional seas was carried out to assess this management method in reducing the risk of introducing non-native species. Zooplankton samples were taken before and after exchange on ten voyages where BWE took place (North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea and Bay of Biscay). Zooplankton abundance was always reduced after exchange, but diversity increased on eight occasions. The greatest changes occurred when the source port water was of low salinity and when exchange took place in deeper waters further from land. However, it was clear that BWE did not remove all the source port taxa and this method is unlikely to provide a consistent and effective method of managing ballast water in regional seas.