1997–1998 El Niño off Peru: A numerical study

An eddy-resolving numerical simulation for the Peru–Chile system between 1993 and 2000 is analyzed, mainly for the 1997–1998 El Niño. Atmospheric and lateral oceanic forcings are realistic and contain a wide range of scales from days to interannual. The solution is validated against altimetric observations and the few in situ observations available. The simulated 1997–1998 El Niño closely resembles the real 1997–1998 El Niño in its time sequence of events. The two well-marked, sea-level peaks in May–June and November–December 1997 are reproduced with amplitudes close to those observed. Other sub-periods of the El Niño seem to be captured adequately. Simple dynamical analyses are performed to explain the 1997–1998 evolution of the upwelling in the model. The intensity of the upwelling appears to be determined by an interplay between alongshore, poleward advection (related to coastal trapped waves) and wind intensity, but also by the cross-shore geostrophic flow and distribution of the water masses on a scale of 1000 km or more (involving Rossby waves westward propagation and advection from equatorial currents). In particular, the delay of upwelling recovery until fall 1998 (i.e., well after the second El Niño peak) is partly due to the persistent advection of offshore stratified water toward the coast of Peru. Altimetry data suggest that these interpretations of the numerical solution also apply to the real ocean.     

区域土壤侵蚀定量研究的国内外进展

由于水土保持宏观决策的需要、土壤侵蚀学科自身的进步和全球变化研究的促进,过去的10多年来,国内外研究者对区域尺度土壤侵蚀研究给予了高度重视。已经开展的主要研究包括:全球和区域（包括国家尺度）土壤侵蚀调查、区域土壤侵蚀过程和尺度效应、区域土壤侵蚀因子和区域土壤侵蚀模型等。将区域土壤侵蚀作为现代陆地地表过程的一部分,充分考虑全球变化的影响,集成土壤侵蚀研究成果与遥感和GIS技术,开发分布式区域土壤侵蚀模型,成为区域土壤侵蚀定量评价研究的基本趋势。在对国内外区域土壤侵蚀定量评价研究评述的基础上,提出我国近期在区域土壤侵蚀方面研究的重点问题为：区域土壤侵蚀过程及其尺度效应的量化描述、区域土壤侵蚀模型开发、区域土壤侵蚀动态模拟与趋势预测、区域土壤侵蚀与全球变化关系研究和区域土壤侵蚀数据处理与管理方法。     

东亚地区区域气候模拟的研究进展

由于大气环流模式对东亚地区区域气候特征的模拟存在很大不足,采用区域气候模式模拟该地区特殊的季风气候成为目前发展的一个重要研究方向,并取得了显著的研究进展。通过回顾当前东亚地区区域气候模拟的现状,表明大部分区域气候模式都不同程度地模拟出了东亚季风区持续性洪涝现象的大尺度环流特征和演变过程,再现了东亚各主要气候区降水的年际、季节和季节内变化及主要雨带的季节进退和降水的时空演变特征。但是,大部分模式没能很好地模拟出大尺度特征的强度和量值,模拟的温度和降水存在系统性偏差。原因分析表明,进一步完善和改进区域气候模式的物理过程参数化方案及动力框架可以改善模拟效果。最后对区域气候模式未来的发展给出展望。     

A collective approach to Pacific islands fisheries management: Moving beyond regional agreements

The sustainable management and profitable development of the Pacific island tuna fisheries is the key ocean governance challenge for the Pacific islands region in the short and medium term. Resolving these challenges is fundamental to the long term future of the region and its ability to implement oceans governance across all resource and conservation concerns.     

沂南贺家沟地区化探异常特征及找矿方向研究

贺家沟地区位于沂南矽卡岩型金矿典型矿床的外围地区,在矿床成因和成矿模式等方面均具有高度相似性。在该地区开展化探扫面工作,根据化探异常结合该地区的成矿地质条件能快速有效的缩小找矿靶区。本文从化探样品分析数据入手,分别从化探异常下限的确定、化探异常特征、化探元素的组合分类以及主要成矿元素在该地区的分布特征等方面进行分析,从而对该地区的成矿条件有了初步认识。在此基础上圈定了以Au,Ag,Cu,Mo等为主要元素的HS1化探异常,该异常规模较大,浓集中心明显,其中主成矿元素Au具有三级浓度分带,Cu,Ag等其他元素异常亦套合较好。通过开展异常查证工作,在该异常区内发现铜金多金属矿(化)点共3处,矿(化)点与化探异常浓集中心的空间吻合程度较高。该地区化探扫面工作取得了较好的成效,具有较好的找矿前景。     

Regional hydrologic mapping of flows in stream networks

River low flow (LF) is an important hydrological characteristic used in management of the quantity and quality of water resources. A common way to transpose at-station low flow quantiles to ungaged locations involves development of regional multivariate regression models. In site selection studies of water control facilities, need arises to automate the mapping of LF characteristics onto the stream network in a continuous manner. This would allow estimation of LF at any desired ungaged location. A mapping algorithm is introduced that determines the value of regression model's independent variables (input components) over the drainage area of each stream pixel and calculates the flow (output). The mapping algorithm relies mainly on the digital elevation model (DEM) and its derivatives, such as flow direction and flow accumulation. Furthermore, the contribution of each independent variable of the regional model to the total flow may be plotted to represent the flow profiles along the streams. A case study involving LF mapping in rivers of Gilan province, Iran, where LF quantiles are required for issuing water withdrawal permits as well as maintaining water quality standards, is also described in the paper. Overall, the maps and profiles of flow statistics in the region of interest provide convenient visualization and assessment tools for water resource and environmental engineers. The transposition algorithm may also be applied in regional mapping of other flow characteristics such as flood or average flows.     

运用AMMI模型分析水稻区域试验 (I).参试组合的产量稳定性评价

运用 AMMI模型对 1 996年全国籼型杂交稻区域试验中稻两系组资料进行分析 ,结果表明 :组合稳定性评价很重要 ,基因型与环境的互作达极显著水平 ,互作效应 (平方和 )几乎为基因型效应 (平方和 )的 2倍 ,AMMI模型的前三个主成分共解释了 80 .4 1 %的交互作用信息 ,为线性回归模型的 3 .1倍。安湘 S/ 871 3、两优 T63表现出较高产且稳产 ,培矮 64 S/山青 1 1、培矮 64 S/ 2 4 1 0、培矮 63 S/ R3 1 8表现较稳产而不高产 ,两优 79、培矮 64 S/ JR1 0 68既不高产也不稳产。     

Performing a new regional geography

In this introduction to the Special Issue ‘Practising a New Regional Geography in Northland’, we call for a new regional geography. We use the experience of a field course to reflect upon the opportunities and challenges associated with doing ‘regional geography’ in the regions, a subdiscipline that has in recent decades been pushed into the backwaters of the discipline. We reinterpret the maxim ‘geography is what geographers do’ in a new way that emphasises pedagogy and research practice. The case of Northland and helping our students to learn experientially about community and environment under the rubric of sustainability allows us to argue the case for a reinterpretation of regional geography in these terms. We position the contributions in this Special Issue in terms of our call.     

中国饮食文化的区域分化和发展趋势

现代地理学主要研究地球表层的“地体”与“地象”的区域特征和地域分异的时空发展规律。以食品和菜肴为“地体”，与餐饮有关的文化作为“地象”出发，本文通过饮食文化的地域分异、菜系的形成，中国四大菜系的比较研究，阐述中国饮食文化的区域特征和地域分化的时空发展规律，并预测其发展趋势。