基于大气湍流理论的折光模型

基于大气湍流理论,严密推导出折射系数、折光角、折光曲率等折光公式。这些折光公式综合考虑了普热通量、云量、地面潮湿度等多种气象参数,更能贴切地反映大气折光的影响。最后,通过采集数据对公式进行了验证,所得结果符合湍流理论。     

松辽盆地新肇地区G634-63井区三维地震精细构造解释

开发地震精细构造解释的基本任务是三维地震资料解释与实钻结果进行交互分析验证，及时指导井位调整，提高钻遇储层的成功率。针对松辽盆地新肇地区G634—63井区开发地震地质任务要求，摸索出一套适合本区特点的技术组合，取得较好的地质效果。在应用解释系统中放大地震剖面、时间切片、椅式切片和三维可视化等常规解释功能的基础上，结合精细层位标定、层面解释分析技术、地震相干数据分析技术和高分辨率波阻抗反演等多种技术开展小断层的研究，避免了1m～2m薄储层断失；应用地质统计学方法进行动态时深转换，提高密集井网区构造解释精度；进行全三维的层面和断面成图，指导复杂条件的井位调整；总结出构造发育特征与储层有效厚度分布的关系。     

Development of a System for 3D High-resolution Seismic Reflection Profiling on Lakes

A high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection system for small-scale targets in lacustrine settings has been developed. Its main characteristics include navigation and shot-triggering software that fires the seismic source at regular distance intervals (max. error of 0.25 m) with real-time control on navigation using differential GPS (Global Positioning System). Receiver positions are accurately calculated (error<0.20 m) with the aid of GPS antennas attached to the end of each of three 24-channel streamers. Two telescopic booms hold the streamers at a distance of 7.5 m from each other. With a receiver spacing of 2.5 m, the bin dimension is 1.25 m in inline and 3.75 m in crossline direction. To test the system, we conducted a 3D survey of about 1 km² in Lake Geneva, Switzerland, over a complex fault zone. A 5-m shot spacing resulted in a nominal fold of 6. A double-chamber bubble-cancelling 15/15 in³ air gun (40–650 Hz) operated at 80 bars and 1 m depth gave a signal penetration of 300 m below water bottom and a best vertical resolution of 1.1 m. Processing followed a conventional scheme, but had to be adapted to the high sampling rates, and our unconventional navigation data needed conversion to industry standards. The high-quality data enabled us to construct maps of seismic horizons and fault surfaces in three dimensions. The system proves to be well adapted to investigate complex structures by providing non-aliased images of reflectors with dips up to 30°.     

Phase-decoupled refraction–diffraction for spectral wave models

Conventional spectral wave models, which are used to determine wave conditions in coastal regions, can account for all relevant processes of generation, dissipation and propagation, except diffraction. To accommodate diffraction in such models, a phase-decoupled refraction–diffraction approximation is suggested. It is expressed in terms of the directional turning rate of the individual wave components in the two-dimensional wave spectrum. The approximation is based on the mild-slope equation for refraction–diffraction, omitting phase information. It does therefore not permit coherent wave fields in the computational domain (harbours with standing-wave patterns are excluded). The third-generation wave model SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) was used for the numerical implementation based on a straightforward finite-difference scheme. Computational results in extreme diffraction-prone cases agree reasonably well with observations, analytical solutions and solutions of conventional refraction–diffraction models. It is shown that the agreement would improve further if singularities in the wave field (e.g., at the tips of breakwaters) could be properly accounted for. The implementation of this phase-decoupled refraction–diffraction approximation in SWAN shows that diffraction of random, short-crested waves, based on the mild-slope equation can be combined with the processes of refraction, shoaling, generation, dissipation and wave–wave interactions in spectral wave models.     

Nature and Distribution of the Deformation Front in the Luzon Arc-Chinese Continental Margin Collision Zone at Taiwan

Marine seismic reflection profiles from offshore SW Taiwan combined with onland geological data are used to investigate the distribution and nature of the deformation front west of Taiwan. Locations of the frontal structure west of Taiwan are generally connected in a linear fashion, although the alignment of frontal structures is offset by strike-slip faults. The deformation front begins from the northern Manila Trench near 21°N and continues northward along the course of the Penghu Submarine Canyon in a nearly N–S direction north of 21°N until it reaches the upper reaches of Penghu Canyon at about 22°15′N. The deformation front then changes direction sharply to the northeast. It connects to the Chungchou thrust fault or the Tainan anticline in the coastal plain and continues northwards along the outer Western Foothills to the northern coast of Taiwan near 25°N. Characteristics of structural style, strain regime, sedimentation and tectonics vary along the trend of the deformation front. Ramp anticlines, diapiric intrusion and incipient thrust faults are commonly associated with the deformation front. Variations in structural style along strike can be related to different stages of oblique collision in Taiwan. The deformation front (collision front) west of Taiwan can be considered as a boundary between contraction in the Taiwan orogen and extension west of the collision zone. The deformation front east of the Tainan Basin and its northward extension along the outer limit of the Western Foothills is the surface trace separating the foreland thrust belt from the nearby foredeep, not a boundary between the Chinese and Taiwan margins. The submarine deformation front off SW Taiwan is the surface trace separating the submerged Taiwan orogenic wedge from the Chinese passive continental margin, not a surface trace of the plate boundary between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates.     

相位匹配技术及其在压制OBN地震鸣震中的应用

通过对比海底节点(OBN)地震水检数据(P)和陆检数据(Z)的相位差,将相似系数准则改进并引入到OBN水陆检数据相位匹配中,从而消除两种检波器数据的相位差异;在频率匹配的基础上,用匹配滤波方法对陆检数据进行振幅匹配,之后进行双检数据PZ合并以压制海底鸣震。经理论模型测试和实际资料处理,表明改进的相似系数法可以快速、准确地校正陆检数据的相位差,PZ合并压制鸣震取得了较好的效果。     

Direct correlation of 4D seismic with well activity for a clarified dynamic reservoir interpretation

A method to provide an improved time‐lapse seismic attribute for dynamic interpretation is presented. This is based on the causal link between the time‐lapse seismic response and well production activity taken over time. The resultant image is obtained by computing correlation coefficients between sequences of time‐lapse seismic changes extracted over different time intervals from multiply repeated seismic and identical time sequences of cumulative fluid volumes produced or injected from the wells. Maps of these cross‐correlations show localized, spatially contiguous signals surrounding individual wells or a specific well group. These may be associated with connected regions around the selected well or well group. Application firstly to a synthetic data set reveals that hydraulic compartments may be delineated using this method. A second application to a field data set provides empirical evidence that a connected well‐centric fault block and active geobody can be detected. It is concluded that uniting well data and time‐lapse seismic using our proposed method delivers a new attribute for dynamic interpretation and potential updating of the model for the producing reservoir.     

Application of the virtual refraction to near‐surface characterization at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site‡

Seismic interferometry is a relatively new technique to estimate the Green's function between receivers. Spurious energy, not part of the true Green's function, is produced because assumptions are commonly violated when applying seismic interferometry to field data. Instead of attempting to suppress all spurious energy, we show how spurious energy associated with refractions contains information about the subsurface in field data collected at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site. By forming a virtual shot record we suppress uncorrelated noise and produce a virtual refraction that intercepts zero offset at zero time. These two features make the virtual refraction easy to pick, providing an estimate of refractor velocity. To obtain the physical parameters of the layer above the refractor we analyse the cross‐correlation of wavefields recorded at two receivers for all sources. A stationary‐phase point associated with the correlation between the reflected wave and refracted wave from the interface identifies the critical offset. By combining information from the virtual shot record, the correlation gather and the real shot record we determine the seismic velocities of the unsaturated and saturated sands, as well as the variable relative depth to the water‐table. Finally, we discuss how this method can be extended to more complex geologic models.     

天文大气折射的级数展开式

对天文大气折射的级数展开理论进行了研究,给出了新的级数展开式。新的级数展开式能够展开到任意阶次项,并且达到了亚毫角秒的理论精度;另外,把地面附近的位相折射指数作为未知数单独提出来,适应了光学技术在不同观测波长情况下的处理,并给出了以视天顶距正切为引数的级数展开式。这一成果将可完全取代普尔科沃大气折射表公式,也可以利用该方法进行射线跟踪的理论研究。     

近地表反射和折射法的进展及应用

针对近地表物质非均质极强、各向异性明显及地形复杂等特点,系统阐述和讨论了近地表折射和反射法的国内外研究与应用进展,认为:1综合利用纵、横波的优势,开展多波多分量联合勘探对提高浅层地震勘探的精度和分辨率具有重要作用;2现在的浅层地震勘探主要是对地震剖面进行解释,容易忽略一些隐含的地质异常现象,属性提取技术是充分提取地震信息,进行全面综合解释的有效手段;3开展多层折射介质的观测系统和解释方法研究,尤其是折射层析成像研究,是提高多层折射介质成像精度的途径;4开展黏弹性、双相和各向异性介质的地震反射与折射波法研究是提高近地表地震勘探成像和物性参数提取精度的新思路.