三角高程测量中大气折光改正的教学研究

三角高程测量因大气折光影响而使精度受损。介绍从测定大气温度、压强入手,确定大气折射率、求出大气折光差角,从而消除大气折光对三角高程测量的影响的方法。     

An extended analytic solution for combined refraction and diffraction of long waves over circular shoals

A new analytic solution of the mild-slope long wave equation is derived for studying the effects of bottom topography on combined refraction and diffraction. The solution is essentially of a series form involving the Bessel functions of real orders but is found to be singular as the bottom tends to be parabolic. Numerical evaluation of the solution nearby the singularity requires some special considerations. The particular solution under the singular condition is also given. Study on combined refraction and diffraction for waves around a circular island on the top of a shoal, which is radially described by a power function with two independent parameters, indicates that there exist an extremely high wave zone near the top of a hyperparabolic shoal. It is also found that the intensity of wave ray focusing increases significantly as the mean slope decreases. A direct consequence of the wave ray focusing is the concentration of wave energy and an increase of the maximal wave runup height around the island.     

浅层折射波在佛岭特长隧道中的应用与研究

浅层折射波法是工程勘探中常用的一种经济并且快速有效的方法。文中先简要介绍了佛岭特长隧道工程概况,论述了该方法的原理和实施,以及该法的作业特点。笔者提出采用增大偏移距来增大地震道数的观测方法。并将该方法与相遇追逐系统结合起来,在佛岭隧道详细勘查首次进行了运用,证实该法在隧道勘察中是合理的。     

大气反常折射对星表和参考系的影响

在过去的时间纬度工作中,对大气反常折射的研究证明,大气反常折射给时问纬度测量带来了严重的影响。而当时大多数星表的编制都是时间纬度测量的副产品,无疑大气反常折射也给这些星表带来严重的误差影响。过去我国的经典天体测量工作以测时、测纬为主,这一问题并没有得到重视。在星表和参考系工作已成为我国基本天休测量工作的一项主要内容的今天,对大气反常折射的测量与研究,尤其对有效的测量应得到足够的重视。作者根据自己的实际测量和研究指出,大气反常折射主要由观测室周围不良小气候的造成,其中以具有周年变化和周日变化的大气反常折射对初始星表系统的影响最为严重。并分别讨论了这种反常折射对子午星表、等高星表和参考系的影响,提出了今后开展这方面工作的建议。     

Combination of common-midpoint-refraction seismics with the generalized reciprocal method

A useful method for increasing the signal/noise ratio of refracted waves is Common-Midpoint (CMP)-refraction seismics. With this technique the shallow underground can be described in detail using all information (amplitude, frequency, phase characteristics) of the wavetrain following the first break (first-break phase). Thus, the layering can be determined and faults, weak zones, and clefts can be identified. This paper deals with the optimization of CMP-refraction seismics used in combination with the Generalized Reciprocal Method (GRM). Theoretical studies show a close relationship of both methods to the kinematics of wave propagation. Velocities and optimum offsets determined by the GRM can be used directly in the partial Radon transformation in CMP-refraction seismics. The integration of refracted waves leads to an increase in the signal/noise ratio but simultaneously the integration boundaries must be restricted to deal only with selective parts of the investigated refractor. The result of this process is an intercept-time section which can be converted directly to a depth section using standard refraction seismic techniques. Another possibility of depth conversion is the transformation of this intercept-time section to a `pseudo-zero-offset section', known from reflection seismics. Thus, zero-offset sections can be migrated using wave-equation techniques such as Kirchhoff migration.     

Deformation of multi-directional random waves passing over an impermeable submerged breakwater installed on a sloping bed

This study investigates the wave deformation of multi-directional random waves passing over an impermeable submerged breakwater installed on the slope. Experiments were conducted in a three-dimensional wave basin equipped with a multi-directional random wave generator. Measurements of the free surface elevations around an impermeable submerged breakwater were carried out using 19 capacitance-type wave gages. In addition, a numerical model is proposed in three-dimensional random wave field. It is shown that the numerical results reproduce the general trend of the experimental results well. Investigations are made to study the effect of the spreading parameter S_max and bottom topography (bottom slope and submerged breakwater) on the wave deformation. It is pointed out that concentration of wave energy with larger values of the spreading parameter S_max is located within narrow limits in onshore side of the submerged breakwater. Furthermore, the supplementary discussion is made by means of numerical results.     

槽波地震勘探在煤矿大型工作面的应用

以陕北某煤矿大型工作面槽波地震工程为例,开展了超大型工作面内断层的槽波地震探测技术研究。槽波探测采用全排列接收,最大限度地保障了槽波信息的获得。根据得到的槽波记录数据以及CT成像结果,解释了工作面内断层的发育情况,与后期巷道揭露情况基本吻合。槽波地震勘探在大型工作面的成功应用,可为矿井实现盘区勘探提供技术支持。     

Crustal structure of the ultra-slow spreading Knipovich Ridge,North Atlantic,along a presumed amagmatic portion of oceanic crustal formation

The ultra-slow, asymmetrically-spreading Knipovich Ridge is the northernmost part of the Mid Atlantic ridge system. In the autumn of 2002 a combined ocean-bottom seismometer multichannel seismic (OBS/MCS) and gravity survey along the spreading direction of the Knipovich Ridge was carried out. The main objective of the study was to gain an insight into the crustal structure and composition of what is assumed to be an amagmatic segment of oceanic crust. P-wave velocity and Vp/Vs models were built and complemented by a gravity model. The 190 km long transect reveals a much more complex crustal structure than anticipated. The magmatic crust is thinner than the global average of 7.1 ± 1.0 km. The young fractured portion of Oceanic Layer 2 has low seismic velocities while the older part has normal seismic velocities and is broken into several rotated fault blocks seen as thickness variations of Layer 2. The youngest part of Oceanic Layer 3 is also dominated by low velocities, indicative of fracturing, seawater circulation and thermal expansion. The remaining portion of Layer 3 exhibits inverse variations in thickness and seismic velocity. This is explained by a sequence of periods of faster spreading (estimated to be up to 8 mm/year from interpretation of magnetic anomalies) when more normal gabbroic crust was being generated and periods of slower spreading (5.5 mm/year) when amagmatic stretching and serpentinization of the upper mantle occurred, and crust composed of mixed gabbro and serpentinized mantle was generated. The volumetric changes and upward fluid migration, associated with the process of serpentinization in this part of the crust, caused disruption to the overlying sedimentary layers.