New anisotropic covariance models and estimation of anisotropic parameters based on the covariance tensor identity

 Many heterogeneous media and environmental processes are statistically anisotropic. In this paper we focus on range anisotropy, that is, stochastic processes with variograms that have direction dependent correlation lengths and direction independent sill. We distinguish between two classes of anisotropic covariance models: Class (A) models are reducible to isotropic after rotation and rescaling operations. Class (B) models can be separated into a product of one-dimensional functions oriented along the principal axes. We propose a new Class (A) model with multiscale properties that has applications in subsurface hydrology. We also present a family of Class (B) models based on non-Euclidean distance metrics that are generated by superellipsoidal functions. Next, we propose a new method for determining the orientation of the principal axes and the degree of anisotropy, i.e., the ratio(s) of the correlation lengths. This information reduces the degrees of freedom of anisotropic variograms and thus simplifies the estimation procedure. In particular, Class (A) models are reduced to isotropic and Class (B) models to one-dimensional functions. Our method is based on an explicit relation between the second-rank slope tensor (SRST), which can be estimated from the data, and the covariance tensor. The procedure is conceptually simple and numerically efficient. It is more accurate for regular (on-grid) data distributions, but it can also be used for sparse (off-grid) spatial distributions. In the case of non-differentiable random fields the method can be extended using generalized derivatives. We illustrate its implementation with numerical simulations.     

平面可视化技术对山东德南断裂系的精细识别

德南断裂带是山东德南洼陷的主要油气聚集场所 ,精细识别各断层的分布有重要的现实意义。将平面可视化技术应用于德南断裂的精细识别取得了很好的效果 ,已识别出德南断裂是一个向西散开的断裂系 ,它从北到南由 1、 2、 3号北倾断层组成 ;1、 2号断层最终汇聚为一条 ,2号断层下降盘发育 3～ 4条反向补偿断层 ;3号断层是一个小型的断裂系 ,由 5～ 7个北倾断层组成 ,平面上亦向西散开 ;剖面上该断裂系主要反映为向上分开、向下汇聚的帚状断裂系 ;同时还发现了由 3号断裂系控制的断块群。对德南断裂系的精细识别为进一步的钻井勘探和储层建模的研究提供了可靠的依据     

中国步入经济全球化的空间态势与顺应决策取偿问题探讨

适应中国21世纪持续实行全方位经济开放的需要，将中国作为经济全球化空间结构巨系统中的一个重要组成单元，按世界各经济体之间的相互联系、相互作用的研究视角，对中国步入全球化进程中不断推进国内外商品、资本、技术、信息等国际经济要素加速转移的空间演化态势的特殊内涵，着重从其空间跨越性、空间汇剑性、空间依存性等三个主要方面加以揭示与评价，并对中国的相关适应决策取偿问题进行了初步探讨。     

商圈惠顾行为的空间衰减：幂律模式还是指数模式

以上海市商业中心为例,基于匿名手机信令数据,运用引力模型对商圈惠顾行为的衰减模式及其系数进行了验证与对比。结果表明,① 对于商圈惠顾行为,最常用的2种距离衰减函数均具有较高的拟合优度,幂律函数稍优于指数函数;② 总体来看,距离仍是影响城市居民商圈惠顾行为的关键因素,距离衰减效应呈现出随商业中心等级增大而减弱的梯度特征,幂律型衰减系数取值1~3不等,采用既定系数1或2会过高/低估计商圈辐射能力;③ 不可忽视闲暇时间对商圈惠顾行为的约束作用,与周末相比,工作日的距离衰减系数较大,且商业中心等级越低,商圈惠顾行为的衰减性越显著。     

世界地理结构与美国的全球战略及军力设计

本文旨在阐明世界地理结构在大国战略制定及军力设计中的基础性作用,以助于认识中国全球发展道路上面临的地缘安全风险和机遇。由于世界陆地、人口和经济活动相对集中于东半球特别是欧亚大陆,欧亚大陆历来是世界大国逐鹿的中心舞台。美国作为人类历史上第一个非欧亚大陆上的霸权国家,一直把防范欧亚大陆上出现区域性霸权作为国家安全的最高目标。本文从世界地理结构及其动态变化的角度,分析东半球尤其是欧亚大陆孕育世界大国和人类文明的地理优势,解析美国的地理区位对其早期崛起的影响,以及在这一地理条件下其全球战略的形成,并重点探讨美国基于防范欧亚大陆出现区域性霸权的全球军力设计。文章最后指出,在中美战略博弈中,位于欧亚大陆东缘的中国具有天然的地缘优势。     

Resident Willingness to Pay for Ecotourism Resources and Associated Factors in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China

Willingness to Pay (WTP), Willingness to Work (WTW) and Willingness to Accept Compensation (WTA) are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’ willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology. The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’ willingness to pay, work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park, and to analyze the relationship between residents’ attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey. The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was employed to determine the willingness. The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP, WTW, WTA, socio-demFographical information, social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties. Based on generalized linear modeling, income and education level are important for residents’ WTP and WTA, but other social characteristics, such as gender and age, do not have significant effects. The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’ willingness, despite the limitation on education level. Also, government funding is associated with residents’ inclination to WTP, WTW and WTA, but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities. The estimated WTP, WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10 ⁷ yuan, 1.247×10 ⁶ hours and 2.3232×10 ⁷ yuan yr ^-1 based on the survey and published demographics. This study, for the first time, estimates the WTP, WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers. Ultimately, to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development, compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent, and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively support eco-tourism activities.     

基于电力载波通信的自动抄表地理信息系统

基于电力载波通信实现社区集抄网络的物理通信链路的建立,采用了GIS平台实现对对电力载波通信网络的数据采集与存储管理,建立了远程操控平台和互联网络数据发布平台。     

RSOMP分析方法及其在云南铜业（集团）公司的应用

RSOMP方法是根据我国矿山企业集团特点提出的一种评价企业国际竞争力的因素分析法,通过“资源配置（R）-集团公司结构（S）-运行机制（O）-市场行为与绩效（M）-生命周期（P）”等五方面对企业的资源、能力和制度综合分析,评价我国矿山企业集团的国际竞争力。认为资源配置结构和优势、资源储量消耗与补偿、运行机制、产品结构和品牌优势、产业链结构和优势、新技术研发结构和优势、新产品开发和优势、矿山企业集团结构和优势、创新团队与员工梯队和优势、对外技术传播和扩张能力等核心竞争力构成主要国际竞争力的分析因素。在广泛调研的基础上,认为云南铜业（集团）公司是我国拥有较高国际竞争力的矿业集团公司。     

Policy Contestation over the Ecosystem Services Approach in Sweden

Ecosystem services (ES) is an important approach to biodiversity protection in political rhetoric and policy practice, but it is also highly contested. This paper analyzes the introduction of ES in Swedish environmental policy and how it is contested by key stakeholders and discusses its implications for biodiversity governance. The results show that although ES is widely accepted on an abstract and conceptual level, critical features and functions are highly contested. These primarily concern the valuation of nature, appropriateness of different policy instruments, and institutional structures. The paper concludes that while the controversy surrounding ES fills an important role by reinvigorating debate and stimulating reflections on biodiversity loss, it also illustrates how ES is used to further particular values and beliefs and to challenge traditional biodiversity-protecting strategies. Understanding these policy controversies is central to addressing the challenges of transforming the promises of ES into practical policies.     

北极大气中汞亏损与海冰演变

近年来的观测结果显示北极对流层臭氧发生亏损的同时 ,大气中的气态汞浓度也急剧下降。这种现象的发生被认为是大气中活性卤素物种的增多而引起的。活性的卤素物种例如Br/Cl与臭氧作用 ,一方面导致臭氧亏损 ,同时 ,生成BrO/ClO氧化大气中的Hg0 ,使Hg0 转化为活性汞 (RGM)而沉降。北极地区大气中活性卤素物种主要来自海洋大型藻类释放的卤代烃分解和海盐的贡献。在过去的几十年里 ,随气候变暖 ,北极海冰变薄 ,面积减少 ,海洋排放的活性卤素物种浓度增加 ,从而使北极地区大气中的汞沉降通量增加 ,加剧了北极生物圈中的汞污染。由于北极海冰减少变薄趋势还在持续 ,因此 ,北极大气中汞亏损引起的沉降通量增加对生态圈的影响应该引起广泛重视。本文在综述这方面研究的最新进展基础上 ,提出了今后的研究方向。