2016～2017年凌汛期黄河内蒙河段快速封河的天气成因分析

利用常规观测资料,对2016年11月2023日内蒙河段强降温天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:造成这次快速封河的强降温天气过程,与贝湖附近的横槽转竖密切相关。500h Pa上由里海到西西伯利亚平原上空有高压脊强烈发展,脊崩溃是横槽转竖及强冷空气向南爆发的预报着眼点。随着高空横槽转竖并南下,从地面冷高压主体分裂出来的小高压不断东移南下影响内蒙河段。低层冷槽在移动过程中不断加强,并在偏北风急流作用下产生强冷平流,加剧了内蒙河段的温度梯度,共同造成了本次内蒙河段强冷空气天气过程。当北西伯利亚低地出现大量冷空气堆积,且有典型天气形势配合冷空气活动时,要考虑内蒙地区将有强降温过程;如遇内蒙河段河道流量较小,在沿河各站48h降幅达到寒潮标准,最大降幅在14℃以上时,要考虑内蒙河段从流凌到封河的历时将会较短。     

三峡工程运用对近期荆江段平滩河槽形态调整的影响

针对近期荆江段河槽形态的显著调整,定量研究了三峡工程运用对其造成的影响。计算了2002—2013年该河段断面及河段尺度的平滩河槽形态参数,并建立这些参数与宜昌站汛期水流冲刷强度的经验关系。还原了在无三峡工程时宜昌站的水沙数据,计算了相应的河槽形态参数,分析了有、无三峡工程时荆江段河槽形态调整的差异。计算结果表明:三峡工程运用后近期荆江段平均河床比降略有调平,河段平滩水深逐年增加,但平滩河宽变化较小,使得河相系数减少6.7%~10.3%;无三峡工程时平滩河槽形态调整较缓,河段平滩水深及面积的增幅分别仅占有三峡工程时的16%和18%。故三峡工程运用没有改变近期荆江段河槽形态趋于窄深的调整趋势,但一定程度上加快了调整过程。     

岷江上游茂县退化生态系统及人工恢复植被地上生物量及净初级生产力

测定了岷江上游四川茂县退化灌丛和退化草丛及5种人工恢复植被(连香树林、油松林、华山松林、日本落叶林和云南松林)的地上生物量和生产力。灌、草丛生物量生产力采用样方收获法测定,人工林采用生物量回归模型和生产力方程。地上生物量与胸径关系模型的相关性都达到极显著。退化灌丛和草丛的生物量分别为51 06t/hm2和5 76t/hm2,5种人工林的地上生物量在75 8～150 55t/hm2,地上生产力在10 36～18 17t/hm2·a-1。人工恢复植被比退化植被的生物量增加,生产力显著提高。5种恢复模式中云南松、华山松和日本落叶松在当地显示了良好的生长特性,适合在当地退化生态系统恢复中推广。     

黄河河曲段冰塞水位的分析计算

本文根据黄河河曲段６年的实测资料，分析了该冰塞河段冰期水位的变化规律，讨论了该河段冰塞水位的变化与冰塞演变的相互关系。建立了冰塞水位变化的参数关系式，基于原型的观测研究，对试验室模拟冰塞的水位进行了分析研究，研究表明：试验室模拟冰塞水位的变化规律与天然河道中冰塞水位的变化规律相同。由此，可以进行冰塞水位的计算及其预报。     

Immediately downstream effects of Three Gorges Dam on channel sandbars morphodynamics between Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River,China

Sandbars are of vital ecological and environmental significance, which however, have been intensively influenced by human activities. Morphodynamic processes of sandbars along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River, the channel immediately downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), are assessed based on remote sensing images between 2000 and 2016. It can be found that the entire area of sandbars reduces drastically by 19.23% from 149.04 km² in 2003 to 120.38 km² in 2016, accompanied with an increase in water surface width. Owing to differences in sediment grain size and anti-erosion capacity, sandbar area in the upstream sandy gravel reach (Yichang-Dabujie) and downstream sandy reach (Dabujie-Chenglingji) respectively decreases by 45.94% (from 20.79 km² to 11.24 km²) and 14.93% (from 128.30 km² to 109.14 km²). Furtherly, morphological evolutions of sandbars are affected by channel type: in straight-microbend channel, mid-channel sandbars exhibit downstream moving while maintaining the basic profile; in meandering channel, point sandbars show erosion and deposition in convex and concave bank respectively, with mid-channel sandbars distributing sporadically; in bending-branching channel, point sandbars experience erosion and move downstream while mid-channel sandbars show erosion in the head part along with retreating outline. We document that the primary mechanism of sandbars shrinkages along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach can be attributed to TGD induced suspended sediment concentration decreasing and increasing in unsaturation of sediment carrying capacity. Additionally, channel type can affect the morphological evolution of sandbars. Along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach, sandbars in straight-microbend channel are more affected by water flow than that in bending-branching channel.     

2012年洪水对黄河内蒙古段冲淤影响

2012年洪水是内蒙古河段1989年以来历时最长、洪峰流量最大的洪水过程。为了解粗泥沙对黄河内蒙古段河床冲淤变化的影响,依据宽河谷河段巴彦高勒、三湖河口和头道拐水文站实测资料,分析了内蒙古河道2012年洪水水沙特征,通过计算推移质输沙量和比较断面河底变化,探讨了粗泥沙对河底调整的影响。结果表明:2012年洪水造成粗泥沙在上游段冲刷、下游段淤积;固定低水位下过流断面存在涨冲落淤的规律;洪水过后,巴彦高勒和三湖河口低水位面积分别扩大了19 m2和29 m2,头道拐减小约100 m2。由于粗泥沙排沙不平衡,底部河床的真正高程并没有降低,防洪风险依然存在。     

考虑河道整治工程影响的一维水沙数学模型及其应用

在冲积河流上,各类河道整治工程的实施一定程度上会影响河床的演变过程.本文通过改进现有的一维水沙数学模型,重点研究护岸及护滩(底)这类限制河床进一步冲刷的整治工程对水沙输移及河床冲淤变形的影响.首先对固定断面的各节点采用特定的代码进行标记,以此区分河漫滩、有或无整治工程的主槽区域.然后对悬沙输移及河床冲淤变形模块进行改进...     

Geomorphic response of the Jingjiang Reach to the Three Gorges Project operation

Upstream damming often causes significant downstream geomorphic adjustments. Remarkable channel changes have occurred in the Jingjiang Reach of the Middle Yangtze River, since the onset of the Three Gorges Project (TGP). Therefore, it is important to investigate the variations in different fluvial variables, for better understanding of the channel evolution characteristics as an example of the Jingjiang Reach. Recent geomorphic adjustments in the study reach have been investigated quantitatively, including variations in sediment rating curve, fluvial erosion intensity, channel deformation volume and bankfull channel geometry. These fluvial variables adjusted in varying degrees in response to the altered flow and sediment regime caused by the TGP operation. A focus of this study has been especially on variation in the bankfull channel geometry. Calculated bankfull dimensions at section‐ and reach‐scale indicate that: (i) there were significant bank‐erosion processes in local regions without bank‐protection engineering, with empirical relations being developed to reproduce the variation in bankfull widths at four typical sections; (ii) the variation in the reach‐scale channel geometry occurred mainly in the component of bankfull depth, owing to the construction of large‐scale bank‐revetment works, with the depth increasing from 13.7 m in 2002 to 15.0 m in 2014, and with an increase in the corresponding bankfull area of about 11%; and (iii) the reach‐scale bankfull channel dimensions responded to the previous 5‐year average fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons at Zhicheng, with higher correlations for the depth and area being obtained when calibrated by the measurements in 2002–2012. Furthermore, these relations developed for the section‐ and reach‐scale bankfull channel geometry were also verified by the observed data in 2013–2014, with encouraging results being obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡水库运用后荆江段非均匀悬沙恢复特性

三峡工程运用后,坝下游荆江段来沙量大幅度减小,处于严重的不平衡输沙状态,次饱和水流冲刷河床使悬沙量沿程恢复.基于实测水沙资料,分析了三峡工程运用后荆江段非均匀悬沙恢复特点.提出了恢复效率的概念用以表征悬移质沿程恢复的程度,并根据实测水沙资料计算了荆江段1994-2017年非均匀悬沙的恢复效率.结果表明：三峡工程运用前,荆江段各粒径组悬沙恢复效率绝对值均接近0,故该时期内各粒径组泥沙冲淤幅度不大;三峡工程运用后,各粒径组悬沙恢复效率绝对值均明显增大,且粗沙（d>0.125 mm）恢复效率绝对值远大于细沙（d<0.125 mm）,故粗沙恢复程度更高.这主要是由于荆江段床沙组成中粗沙部分含量大,而细沙含量小.最后建立了三峡水库蓄水后非均匀悬沙恢复效率与来水来沙条件（来沙系数）的关系,结果表明：各粒径组悬移质恢复效率均与来沙系数呈正相关关系,全沙、细沙和中沙的决定系数（R²）分别为0.89、0.67和0.69,相关性较高,故荆江段各粒径组悬移质泥沙恢复效率较大程度上受到来水来沙条件的影响.     

高强度人类活动影响下永定河北京段水质水量模拟

自然条件下的河流水质模型在高强度人类活动影响的城市河流应用中存在局限性,构建耦合人类活动影响的水质模型是识别城市河流水质变化的关键。针对永定河北京段自然水循环与再生水、循环管线回水及外调水等人类活动相互作用的特点,构建了基于分布式时变增益水文模型与一维稳态的水质过程耦合的模型,分析了不同调水情景下永定河北京段水质变化过程。应用表明该模型在永定河北京段具有良好的适用性,不仅能描述过去天然条件、现状条件下水质过程,同时能应用于未来规划情景下的水质预测,同时表明外调水工程对永定河北京段的水量水质有显著的改善作用。