稀有金属矿物微区同位素定年与示踪

作为战略性关键金属矿产资源, 钨、锡、铌、钽、锂、铍、铷、铯、锆、铪、稀土等稀有金属, 在国民经济与国家安全方面有着重要的研究意义。稀有金属矿石矿物微区同位素定年与示踪, 是开展稀有金属矿床成矿作用研究的最直接手段, 具有整体分析无可比拟的优点。近年来, 钨锡铌钽锆铪稀土等稀有金属矿物微区U-Pb定年与Sr-Nd-Hf同位素示踪发展迅速, 而锂铍铷铯等稀有金属矿物微区Rb-Sr/Lu-Hf定年正蓬勃发展。本文综述了黑钨矿、白钨矿、锡石、铌钽矿(铌钽氧化物类矿物的简称)、独居石、磷钇矿、氟碳铈矿等稀有金属矿物微区U-Pb定年与Sr-Nd-Hf同位素示踪技术主要进展, 展望了锂云母、铁锂云母、铯沸石、钾长石(天河石)等微区Rb-Sr定年与磷钇矿、磷灰石、褐帘石、独居石、黑钨矿、白钨矿等微区Sm-Nd和Lu-Hf定年的广阔前景, 获得如下认识: (1)低铀矿物U-Pb定年, 除了采用高灵敏度磁式等离子质谱外, 元素成像技术能很好地揭示微量元素之间相关性, 进而快速锁定高U/Pb区域, 提高低铀矿物U-Pb定年成功率; (2)铌钽矿-锡石激光微区Hf同位素能够直接示踪花岗岩-伟晶岩稀有金属成岩成矿物质源区, 但这方面工作仍需进一步加强; (3)碰撞/反应池等离子质谱的出现, 使高Rb/Sr、Sm/Nd或高Lu/Hf比矿物的同位素定年成为现实, 是未来稀有金属激光微区同位素年代学发展的新方向; (4)实验方法研发与标准物质研制相辅相成、相互促进, 仍是当前迫切需要解决的关键技术难题。随着战略性关键金属日渐成为国内外成矿作用研究的热点, 钨锡铌钽锂铍铷铯锆铪稀土等稀有金属矿物微区同位素定年与示踪方法研究, 必将为我国新一轮稀有金属矿床学研究做出应有的学术贡献。

     

粤西黄泥坑金矿床地质地球化学特征和成矿时代

粤西黄泥坑金矿是近年来新发现的一个中-大型金矿床。其成矿作用分为石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段。其中,石英-黄铁矿阶段为金的主成矿阶段。对含金石英脉进行了流体包裹体Rb-Sr同位素定年,获得等时线年龄为(233.4±8.6)Ma(MSWD=2.3,n=5),表明黄泥坑金矿形成于印支期。对矿区花岗闪长岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,获得的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(451.1±2.7)Ma(MSWD=2.1,n=21),表明其形成于加里东期。综合分析花岗闪长岩和矿石的微量元素分析数据及已有的研究成果显示,黄泥坑金矿床中金的来源并非加里东期花岗闪长岩,可能来自于寒武系及隐伏的晚期岩浆岩。矿床的形成主要受罗定-广宁推覆构造控制,挤压推覆后拉张剪切作用形成的剪切破碎带及其热液蚀变作用与成矿密切相关。     

湘南新田岭白钨矿床He,Ar同位素特征及Rb-Sr测年

新田岭白钨矿床是湘南W-Sn多金属矿集区中的一个大型矽卡岩型矿床,产于骑田岭岩体北接触带.本文对矽卡岩矿石中1件黄铁矿样品进行了流体包裹体He、Ar同位素测定,获得3He/4He值为4.08 Ra,40Ar/36Ar为342,反映了在矽卡岩矿床的成矿流体中亦有地幔流体的显著参与;运用石英Rb-Sr法获得成矿等时线年龄为(157.4±3.2)Ma(2σ)(MSWD=1.6),87Sr/86Sr初始值为0.71044±0.00012,该年龄值与柿竹园超大型钨多金属矿床及芙蓉大型锡矿等的成矿年龄在测试误差范围内基本一致,表明中侏罗世是湘南地区钨锡成矿的高峰期.     

赣中变质岩带的Sm—Nd,Rb—Sr同位素年代研究

赣中变质岩带主要由斜长(云母)变粒岩、十字石榴云母片岩、云母石英片岩夹斜长角闪岩组成。斜长角闪岩Sm-Nd全岩等时线年龄为1113±19Ma,相当于该变质岩带的原岩形成年龄。ε_(Nd)(t)值为2.4±0.1,说明岩浆起源于亏损程度较低的地幔源区:726.6±1.1Ma、403.1±6.4Ma的Rb-Sr等时线年龄表明赣中地区在新元古代末期、加里东期经历了一次强烈的构造变质热作用,其地质、地球化学特征及时代可与浙闽地区陈蔡群、建瓯群进行对比。因此赣中变质岩带并非长期公认的华南加里东褶皱带,应是华夏地块的一部分,这一事实对华南大地构造单元的划分及构造演化具有重要意义。     

四川宁南跑马铅锌矿床的成矿时代及其地质意义

四川省宁南县跑马铅锌矿床是产于下寒武统麦地坪段白云岩中的层控矿床,主要受层间破碎带控制,有两个含矿层。该矿床是沉积改造型铅锌矿床,Pb+Zn的品位6%～9%,富矿可达30%以上。笔者利用TIMS测试技术获得闪锌矿的Rb-Sr同位素年龄值,结果表明跑马铅锌矿化等时线年龄为(200.1±4.0)Ma,属印支晚期—燕山早期。由于该矿床与云南会泽铅锌矿年龄相近,推断为同一构造-岩浆活动的产物。     

广西佛子冲铅锌矿床闪锌矿铷锶同位素年代学研究

佛子冲铅锌矿床位于钦-杭成矿带西南地段、博白-岑溪深断裂带北端。铅锌矿体产于奥陶系浅变质泥质灰岩中,严格受近北北东向断层和岩体与地层接触面控制。通过研究佛子冲铅锌矿床闪锌矿单矿物特征和稳定同位素研究,以及采用闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素测年方法,测得佛子冲铅锌矿床成矿年龄为134.7±3.5Ma,认为该矿床的形成与燕山晚期岩浆、构造活动有关。硫、氢和氧组成及锶同位素初始比值测试结果表明佛子冲铅锌矿床成矿物质来源主要源自岩浆热液提供。     

Geochemistry of Ore Fluids and Rb-Sr Isotopic Dating for the Wulong Gold Deposit in Liaoning, China

On the basis of detailed geological studies of the Wulong gold deposit, three metallogenic stages can be identified. With quartz fluid inclusions as an object of study, the authors investigated phase characteristics, compositional variations, temperature and pressure changes, fluid evolution, Pb isotope tracing and Rb-Sr isotopic dating of fluid inclusions entrapped in the above three metallogenic stages. The results show that Na+ is decreased obviously with metallogenic evolution, while K+ and other cations and gas compositions (H2, CO, CH4 and CO2) are increased slightly, and that the temperature and salinity vary in a pulsating manner along with the metallogenic evolution. Inverse calculation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that at the first metallogenic stage the fluids were magmatic water, at the second stage they were dominated by magmatic water with a minor amount of meteoric water involved, and at the third stage, i.e., the final stage of metallogenesis, the fluids were composed complete     

Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic constraints on metal and fluid sources in W-Sb-Au mineralization at Woxi and Liaojiaping (Western Hunan,China)

This paper presents Nd-Sr-Pb isotope data on scheelite, inclusion fluids and residues of gangue quartz, and sulfides from the W-Sb-Au ore deposits at Woxi and Liaojiaping (LJP) in the Xuefeng Uplift Belt (XUB), Western Hunan, China. Sm and Nd concentrations in scheelite from Woxi are much lower than in scheelite from LJP and can be distinguished by their high ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios of ~1.25 from the much lower ratios around 0.26 in scheelites from the LJP. Nd values (compared to values at 200 Ma, which is the average timing of granitoid emplacement during the Indosinian-Yanshanian periods in the XUB) are around –10 for the LJP and compare well with the range of –5 to –11 defined by the granitoids, whereas they are around –27 for scheelite from Woxi. This might indicate that REEs in the mineralizing fluids at LJP originated from granitoids that are concentrated along the southern border of the XUB, whereas in the case of Woxi, the original fluids might have been masked by REEs released during intense high-temperature wall rock alteration of unexposed Precambrian basement rocks at depth. Sr isotopes of scheelite from these two deposits show similar relations to host / nearby rocks, in that ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (T=200 Ma) ratios of ~0.721 for LJP scheelite agree with values ranging between 0.718 – 0.726 for granitoids, whereas these ratios are much higher (i.e. 0.745) for scheelite from Woxi and correspond to the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (T=200 Ma) ratio range of 0.743 – 0.749 for Precambrian host slates. Crushing experiments to release inclusion fluids from gangue quartz and sulfides deposited during later stages of ore deposition in both deposits failed to provide accurate and geologically meaningful two-point (fluid-residue) tie lines in Rb-Sr isochron diagrams. However, Sr released from fluid inclusions generally reveals lower initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than the respective residues and shows affinities to ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (T=200 Ma) values of Indosinian-Yanshanian granitoids, both at Woxi and LJP. Pb stepwise leaching of scheelite and sulfides did not result in sufficient spreads in Pb isotope diagrams and therefore no information regarding exact mineralization ages in the two deposits could be deduced. Overall, ore Pb isotopes reveal upper crustal signatures and are compatible with Pb isotope signatures of the predominant Precambrian slates in the Woxi area. Steep trajectories through late stage quartz-sulfide mineralization in Pb isotope diagrams may hint at mixing scenarios involving Pb from the host rocks and a component with lower ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios relative to ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios, which cannot be linked to any known reservoir in the XUB mining district. Sr isotopes of four out of seven residual sulfide samples from Woxi plot along a paleomixing line at an age of 199 ± 8 Ma, supporting a mixing scenario for the fluids indicated by the Pb isotopes and pointing to a possible genetic relationship with the emplacement of Indosinian—Yanshanian granitoids. The budgets of REEs, Rb-Sr and Pb in the original fluids were severely affected by contamination of these elements apparently during intense wall rock alteration but, after sealing of the major pathways, the mineralizing fluids tend to have better preserved their original signatures. These attest a genetic relationship between the metallogeny in the XUB W-Sb-Au province and the emplacement of Indosinian-Yanshanian granitoids during Mesozoic intracontinental tectonic uplift and thrusting.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at Editorial handling: B. Lehmann     

大兴安岭北部甲乌拉铅锌银矿床Rb-Sr同位素测年及其地质意义

甲乌拉铅锌银矿床位于内蒙古自治区满洲里市南西150km。矿床产于中蒙古-额尔古纳兴凯造山带南东缘之得尔布干断裂北西侧。本文在甲乌拉矿床选取7件闪锌矿和6件黄铁矿样品开展了Rb-Sr定年。获得闪锌矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为143.0±2.0Ma(MSWD=3.2),锶同位素初始值I Sr=0.71265;黄铁矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为142.0±3.0Ma(MSWD=5.7),锶同位素初始值ISr=0.71267;闪锌矿与黄铁矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为142.7±1.3Ma(MSWD=3.8),锶同位素初始值ISr=0.71266。上述定年结果表明,甲乌拉矿床形成于早白垩世初期。甲乌拉矿床硫化物的Rb和Sr含量分别介于0.1034×10-6～7.367×10-6和1.301×10-6～7.148×10-6之间,Sr同位素初始比值(87Sr/86Sr)i介于0.71238～0.71277之间,平均值为0.71264,暗示甲乌拉矿床的成矿物质主要来源于地壳。甲乌拉矿床形成于蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山过程的后碰撞阶段。     

广西大厂拉么锌铜多金属矿床成岩成矿作用年代学研究

本文对广西大厂矿田拉么矿区内出露的酸性侵入岩和矿石进行了精细的年代学研究,分别获得龙箱盖含斑黑云母花岗岩锆石原位SHRIMP UPb和全岩RbSr等时线年龄为94±4Ma（95%可信度）和98.6±1.9Ma（95%可信度）,矽卡岩成矿期锌铜矿石中石英矿物RbSr等时线年龄为98.6±6Ma（95%可信度）。上述测定结果表明,拉么锌铜多金属矿床的成矿年龄与相关岩体的成岩年龄接近,均形成于早白垩世晚期。