The effect of a central supermassive black hole on gas fuelling

When a supermassive black hole exists in the centre of a galaxy, an additional inner Lindblad resonance (ILR) exists inside the usual ILRs. We study gas dynamics in a weakly barred potential with a central supermassive black hole by using 2D numerical simulations, and we investigate the effect of the additional ILR on the fuelling of gas into nuclear starburst regions or active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Our numerical results show that strong trailing spiral shocks are formed at the resonance region, and that the gas in the shock region is rapidly fuelled into a central region and makes a nuclear gas ring. As a result, a large amount of gas is concentrated in the nuclear region beyond the ILR in a dynamical time-scale.     

The interstellar clouds of adams and blaauw revisited: An HI absorption study-II

In the preceding paper (Paper I), we presented HI absorption spectra towards radio sources very close to the lines of sight towards twenty five bright stars against which optical absorption spectra had been obtained earlier, In this paper we analyse the results and draw some conclusions. To summarize briefly, in most cases we found HI absorption at velocities corresponding to the optical absorption features provided one restricted oneself to velocities ≲10 kms-1. At higher velocities we did not detect any HI absorption down to an optical depth limit of 0.1 (except in four cases which we attribute to gas in systematic motion rather than clouds in random motion). After discussing various scenarios, we suggest that this trend should perhaps be understood in terms of the high velocity interstellar clouds being accelerated, heated and ablated by expanding supernova remnants.     

Survival and disruption of subsystems during a cold collapse

Cold collapse of a cluster composed of small identical clumps, each of which is in virial equilibrium, is considered. Since the clumps have no relative motion with respect to each other initially, the cluster collapses under its own gravity. At the first collapse of the cluster, most of the clumps are destroyed, but some survive. In order to find the condition for the clumps to survive, we made a systematic study in two-parameter space: the number of the clumps N _c and the size of the clump r _v . We obtained the condition N _c ≫ 1 and n _k  ≥ 1, where n _k is related to r _v and the initial radius of the cluster R _ini through the relation R _ini/ r _v  = 2 N ^{( n k +5)/6}_c. A simple analytical argument supports the numerical result. This n _k corresponds to the index of the power spectrum of the density fluctuation in the cosmological hierarchical clustering, and thus our result may suggest that in the systems smaller than 2/Ω h ²)Mpc, the first violent collapse is strong enough to sweep away all the substructures that exist before the collapse.     

Kinematics of overturning solitary waves and their relations to breaker types

Numerical simulations using a full-nonlinear BIM (Boundary Integral Method) potential-theory wave model are carried out to study the internal velocity and acceleration fields of an solitary wave overturning on a reef with vertical face (submerged breakwater) and their relation to breaker type. The simulations make it clear that the jet size normalized by the incident wave height is uniquely governed by the crown height of the reef, while the jet shape is similar and independent of the size. Further, they reveal that the overall internal kinematics of overturning waves is clearly related to the jet size. As the jet size increases and the breaker type changes from spilling to plunging, the kinematics thus become increasingly different from those of steady waves. Water particles with the greatest velocities or accelerations within the wave converge towards the jet. After the breaking, both of the velocities and accelerations almost simultaneously reach extreme values near locations beneath the jet. Some of the extreme values are closely related to the breaker type and can be uniquely determined by substituting the breaker type index into the regression equations suggested here.     

Flow kinematics of focused wave groups on a plane beach in the U.K. Coastal Research Facility

Measurements are presented of the water particle kinematics of focused wave groups generated in the U.K. Coastal Research Facility. Single and repeated wave groups are considered at normal and 20° incidence to a 1:20 plane beach. The single focused wave groups model extreme transient events without the complication of reflections during the data acquisition process. A symmetry-based separation of harmonics method is used to interpret the water particle kinematics at the point of focus. Although the largest component is linear, there are also considerable second order kinematics terms (both low frequency and high frequency). Away from the free surface, the 2nd order difference contribution to the kinematics is a return current opposed to the direction of wave advance. For repeated wave groups, the measured kinematics confirms the presence of a low frequency free wave, followed by higher frequency waves of the main group and trailing higher order harmonic waves. In the breaker and surf zones, there is also evidence of the saw-tooth behaviour of broken waves, followed by scatter due to breaker-induced turbulence. Pulsatile wave breaking of repeated wave groups at oblique incidence is found to drive a longshore current.     

论板块碰撞运动学研究──以江南和东天山造山带为例

板块碰撞构造运动学是８０年代以来国际上兴起，至今仍方兴未艾的研究领域。本文运用构造运动学的基本原理，结合近年来在江南和东天山造山带的工作实践，对板块碰撞的地质标志、运动学研究的多项重要内容、韧剪带的成因类型等作了总结．最后对江南和东天山造山带的碰撞运动学特征和新认识作了简要介绍。     

准噶尔南缘逆冲带多个逆冲断层同期活动的几何学证据

天山北缘为典型的大陆内部活动构造特征,发育准噶尔盆地南缘逆冲带,主要表现为新生代时期形成的多排平行山体的背斜和逆冲断层。野外地质考察、地表填图指出,第二排背斜带玛纳斯背斜和吐谷鲁背斜核部均发育一条逆冲断层,背斜北翼发育一条逆冲断层,并导致河流阶地变形和断层崖的形成。地震资料解释和钻井数据证实玛纳斯背斜和吐谷鲁背斜北翼和核部存在多条向北逆冲的断层,在这些背斜和南侧第一排构造清水河背斜和奇古背斜之间的向斜之下存在隐伏的东湾背斜。二维地震测网构造解释指出东湾背斜为同时活动的、叠置的双重逆冲构造,并造成玛纳斯背斜和吐谷鲁背斜浅层发育一系列无序叠瓦逆冲断层。野外观察和地震解释的生长地层和地层不整合分析证实,这些无序逆冲断层形成时间主要为中新世晚期,一直到第四纪西域组(Q_1x)和乌苏群(Q_2)时期和第四纪中晚期(Q_4)。我们提出准南地区多个逆冲断层同期活动模式不同于新逆冲断层向前陆方向扩展时,旧断层不活动的模式。同期逆冲作用模式展示由于深部有序逆冲作用形成的双重逆冲构造发育期间,同期活动的逆冲作用可在浅层地表形成一系列无序逆冲断层,类似于叠瓦扇逆冲断层。     

RECENT SPEED‐UP OF AN ALPINE ROCK GLACIER: AN UPDATED CHRONOLOGY OF THE KINEMATICS OF OUTER HOCHEBENKAR ROCK GLACIER BASED ON GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS

Surface velocities have been regularly monitored at the rock glacier in Outer Hochebenkar, Ötztal Alps, Austria since the early 1950s. This study provides an update to previously published surface velocity time series, showing mean profile velocities of four cross profiles since the beginning of the measurements (1951,1954, 1997; depending on the profile), as well as single block displacements from 1998 to 2015. Profiles P1, P2 and P3 have moved between 42 and 90 m, at mean velocities between 0.70 and 1.48 m yr^–1, since they were first established in the early 1950s (1951/54). Profile P0, established in 1997, has since moved 13 m or 0.75 m yr^–1. An acceleration can be observed at all profiles since the late 1990s, with a particularly sharp velocity increase since 2010. All profiles reached a new maximum velocity in 2015, with 1.98 m yr^–1 at the slowest profile (P0) and 6.37 m yr^–1 at the fastest profile (P1). Year‐to‐year variations in profile velocities cannot be clearly attributed to inter‐annual variations of climatic parameters like mean annual air temperature, summer temperature, positive degree days, or precipitation. However, higher correlation is found between velocities and cumulative anomalies of air temperature (mean annual air temperature and positive degree days) and summer precipitation, suggesting that these parameters play a key role for the movement of the rock glacier. The lower profiles (P0, P1) show more pronounced year‐to‐year variations than the upper profiles (P2, P3). It is considered likely that processes other than climatic forcing (e.g. sliding, topography) contribute to the different velocity patterns at the four profiles.     

New paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric results for Early Cretaceous rocks from the Turpan intramontane basin,east Tianshan,northwest China

~~New paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric results for Early Cretaceous rocks from the Turpan intramontane basin,east Tianshan,northwest China~~