成像光谱技术在典型蚀变矿物识别和填图中的应用

成像光谱矿物识别和填图技术是中国国土资源调查和监测重点发展的高新技术之一。笔者以国土资源调查应用为主要目标,研究了成像光谱矿物识别和矿物填图技术实用化中的一些关键技术问题。分析了白云母和绿泥石两种重要蚀变矿物的光谱特征及光谱变异特征;以新疆东天山黄山地区的HyMap数据为例,对目前已较为系统化的成像光谱识别技术(如MNF变换、像元纯度指数PPI和N维可视化端元识别NDVI)在典型蚀变矿物识别和填图中的应用进行介绍。     

一种获取包裹体内压的新方法——二氧化碳拉曼光谱法

对CO2的拉曼光谱特征做了介绍，特别指出了CO2费米共振峰随温度和压力的变化特点。利用CO2费米共振峰与密度的关系，结合状态方程对山东昌乐一临朐地区的火山岩包裹体进行了研究，获得了该地区火山岩包裹体的现实内压。结果表明，该地区包裹体的现实内压主要集中在5．75—18．29MPa。简单恢复了包裹体的形成深度，经与前人研究成果对比，显示该方法具有一定的可靠性。这种方法可以作为获取合CO2包裹体内压的一种新方法。     

优质淡水珍珠的体色及其与拉曼光谱的关系

对不同颜色的优质淡水养殖珍珠进行激光拉曼光谱的研究,并试图从中找出珍珠颜色与其中的有机物以及和拉曼光谱的关系。结果发现,和纯白色系列优质珠相比,粉红色系列优质珠多了1134和1526 cm-1两个峰;紫色系列优质珠中的1017,1295,2231,2609 cm-1在纯白色珍珠和粉红色系列中均未曾出现;在有色珍珠中探测到某有机物的拉曼峰:由C—C伸缩振动引起的1121,1134 cm-1及C=C伸缩振动引起的1503,1526 cm-1,推测此有机物为聚乙炔类物质,不同于以前的研究者所认为的类胡萝卜素。不同色系的珍珠,其拉曼光谱有着明显的区别;随着同色系颜色的加深,有机物拉曼谱峰的强度也越来越强。     

Raman microspectroscopy: A non-destructive tool for routine calibration of apatite crystallographic structure for fission-track analyses

Compositional control on the annealing kinetics of fission-tracks (FT) in apatite requires routine measurement of sample grain composition. However, for practical reasons the bulk composition of analysed grains is not routinely measured and instead grain chlorine content or etch-pit dimensions are used to characterise a samples annealing behaviour. A more desirable approach is to measure crystallographic parameters (i.e. unit cell dimension) of a grain as these represent the summed effect of all substitutions and crystal defects. We show how Raman microspectrometry can be used as a routine non-destructive tool to obtain rapid measurement of the crystallographic structure of apatite grains etched for FT analysis. Variations of unit cell parameter a are found to correspond to a systematic variation of Raman shift in the range of 452–440 cm^− 1 for measurements made on c-parallel sections of apatite where the direction of the polarized incident beam is parallel to the c axis.     

傅立叶变换红外光谱联用技术在化石燃料分析中的应用

对傅立叶变换红外光谱联用技术在化石燃料分析中的应用进行了较全面的总结评述,重点介绍了气相色谱／红外光谱联机、高压液相色谱／红外光谱联机、薄层色谱／红外光谱联机、超临界流体色谱／红外光谱联机、裂解色谱／红外光谱联机、热重分析／红外光谱联机、气相色谱／红外光谱／质谱三机联用技术等在化石燃料的结构组分分析、成因机理研究及其勘探等诸方面的重要应用,尤其是在芳香族化合物和几何异构体的分离鉴定方面发挥出的突出功效。引用文献５９篇。     

铝硅酸盐矿物和玻璃中Al的配位与局部结构

利用同步辐射的AlK边X射线吸收近进结构（XANES）谱研究了刚玉和铝硅酸盐矿物（蓝晶石,红柱石,夕线石和钠长石）中Al的配位与局部结构,证明该方法可以作为新的结构探针研究结构未知体系中Al的配位与局部结构。例如,Al的K边XANES谱证明在室温压条件,钠长石玻璃中的Al保持为四面体配位（AlIV）,局部结构与钠长石晶体中的Al相似;尽管硬玉晶体中的Al为八面体配位,但硬玉玻璃中的Al变为四面体配位（AlIV）。而在相同的高温压条件（4．4GPa,1575C）下制备的硬玉-钠长石玻璃系列中,压力引起四面体配位的Al变成五次（Alv）和六次配位（AlVl）,且五次和六次配位Al的比例随玻璃中硬玉含量的增加而增大。     

Raman spectral analysis and genetic mechanism of pseudotachylyte in Xiaoqinling detachment fault

Veins and clasts of pseudotachylyte developed in the microbreccias of the detachment fault along the boundary of the Xiaoqinling metamorphic core complex. The Raman spectral analysis shows that there are three kinds of textures in the matrices of the pseudotachylyte, i.e. ultracataclastic fine-grained texture, cryptocrystalline texture and both of them with minute quantity of glass. The three different textures are the results of different degrees of ultracataclasis. This demonstrates that ultracataclasis-comminution-melting is the genetic mechanism of the pseudotachylytes in the Xiaoqinling detachment fault and the ultracataclasis-comminution dominates in their formation. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49472142).     

电气石的偏振拉曼光谱研究

电气石达到宝石级称碧玺。通过电气石偏振拉曼光谱的实验研究,表明随电气石含铁量增高电气石中Ｓｉ－Ｏ伸缩振动峰发生分裂,峰形变大。不同成因的电气石晶体中（ＯＨ）－离子占位不同,变质岩型、矽卡岩型电气石中（ＯＨ）－只有一个有序占位,而伟晶岩型和热液型矿床中电气石（ＯＨ）－离子则有两个无序占位     

Upper Limit of Iodine Oxide in the Lower Stratosphere

It has been suggested that iodine oxides, IOx, could play a significant role in the ozone destruction in the lower stratosphere. To investigate this suggestion, spectra from nine SAOZ uv-visible spectrometer balloon flights were examined for the IO absorption signature between 405 and 450 nm. IO was not detected, either at mid- or high latitude, in the morning or the evening, in summer or winter. An upper limit of 0.2 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) at 20 km and 0.1 pptv at 15 km at the 95% confidence level (2), was derived from the best measurements at 90° SZA at sunset and sunrise. Since a photochemical model shows that 70% of inorganic iodine should be in the form IO at that time, it is concluded that unless iodine chemistry is different from that assumed at the moment, the role of iodine in stratospheric ozone depletion is small.     

Intercomparison of Tropospheric OH Measurements by Different Laser Techniques during the POPCORN Campaign 1994

In-situ OH measurements by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy and folded long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) were carried out in a rural environment in North-East Germany as part of the field experiment POPCORN in August 1994. The large set of OH data obtained allowed an intercomparison of both techniques based on relative diurnal profiles and simultaneously measured absolute concentrations. Most of the time the two OH instruments encountered the same air and agreed well in the measured relative diurnal variations. Only on a few occasions the measurements significantly disagreed due to a perturbation of the DOAS measurements by a local OH source in the north-western wind sector. Excluding data from this wind direction, the statistical analysis of 137 data pairs yields a correlation coefficient of r = 0.90 and a weighted linear fit with a slope of 1.09 ± 0.12. The correlations are carefully analyzed. The comparison of both instruments is discussed in the light of newly published effective absorption cross-sections for H2O and O2 that affect the calibration of LIF.