Decompaction mechanism of deep crystalline rocks under stress relief

Within a geological massif in a stable geodynamical situation contacts on the grain boundaries in polycrystalline rocks at great depths are continuous and firm. The stress release of those rocks during drilling and excavation to the surface is accompanied by their disintegration (decompaction). The reason for the decompaction is generation of microcracks during stress release due to the difference between the elastic moduli of crystalline grains at their contacts. The mechanism of decompaction may occur not only in polymineral but in polycrystalline rocks as well. The method of decompaction evaluation of deep crystalline rocks under stress relief is presented. According to the calculations the initial manifestation of the decompaction effect in biotite gneisses will occur when they are extracted from the deep range of 0.8–1 km. The first microcracks arise on the grain borders between quartz–biotite and oligoclase–biotite. It is shown that the uplift of gneiss–granite varities of the rocks cut by the Kola superdeep borehole from depths exceeding 13–15 km will be possible in a form of separate mineral grains. Practical importance of the presented method is in an opportunity to evaluate the level of excavated decompaction. The method allow estimating the depth, from which the rock will be extracted only in a sludge form.     

双相各向异性介质中弹性波方程的有限元解法及波场模拟

基于双相各向异性介质模型,首先推导了双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播的动力学方程及其Galerkin变分方程和有限元运动方程,然后给出了孔隙弹性波方程的有限元数值解法以及二维双相PTL介质中波场模拟的人为吸收边界条件. 最后,利用本文给出的有限元方法对双相PTL介质和双相各向同性介质中的弹性波传播进行了数值模拟. 结果表明:有限元方法和吸收边界条件有效、可行,在理想相界条件下,不论是从固体位移,还是从流体位移的波场快照都能看到明显的慢速拟P波;在黏滞相界情况下,能否观察到慢速拟P波,与含流体地层介质的耗散性质有关.对实际含流体介质,从流体位移分量的波场快照比从固体位移波场快照更容易观察到慢速拟P波.     

3D seismic response of a limited valley via BEM using 2.5D analytical Green's functions for an infinite free-rigid layer

This paper presents analytical solutions for computing the 3D displacements in a flat solid elastic stratum bounded by a rigid base, when it is subjected to spatially sinusoidal harmonic line loads. These functions are also used as Greens functions in a boundary element method code that simulates the seismic wave propagation in a confined or semi-confined 2D valley, avoiding the discretization of the free and rigid horizontal boundaries.The models developed are then used to simulate wave propagation within a rigid stratum and valleys with different dimensions and geometries, when struck by a spatially sinusoidal harmonic vertical line load. Simulations are performed in the frequency domain, for varying spatial wave numbers in the axial direction of the valley. Time results are obtained by means of inverse Fourier transforms, to help understand how the geometry of the valley may affect the variation of the displacement field.     

波动方程地震偏移成像方法的现状与进展

综述了波动方程地震偏移成像方法研究的现状，指出了各种算法的问题和解决方案；给出了相空间小波分析步进算法偏移成像以及保幅保结构李群算法偏移成像的最新进展；对波动方程偏移成像发展趋势进行展望。     

利用乌鲁木齐遥测地震台记录识别人工爆破与地震

选取乌鲁木齐遥测地震台记录的乌鲁木齐市附近人工爆破与天然地震资料 ,运用波谱分析、波形空间线性度等方法作对比研究 ,发现人工爆破与天然地震的波谱特征量和波形空间线性度多数情况下差异较大。在震级与震中距相近的条件下 ,主要差异表现在天然地震的纵、横波拐角频率 fc P和 fc S明显大于人工爆破 ,两者比值约为 2∶ 1 ;天然地震的最大谱值比 Ωm P/ Ωm S也明显大于人工爆破 ,两者比值约为 3∶ 1 ;地震 P波功率谱的频谱特征量 fm W、Δf W也比人工爆破大很多。这些差异可以作为识别人工爆破与天然地震的测震学指标。     

高温高压下岩石波速与地壳深部的物质组成

通过对高温高压下岩石波速实验资料的综合研究得出：岩石波速及速度各向异性可用于确定地壳深部各层的组成和界面性质;岩石波速随构造环境而变化；同一波速层由成分和成因上不同的岩石组合而成利用统计分析后的高温高压波速数据，建立了42组ρ-Vp（密度-速度）关系式及深部岩石判别图解     

Attenuation operators and complex wave velocities for scattering in random media

The concept of attenuation operators and complex velocities is applied to scattering attenuation in two and three dimensions, using the minimum-phase assumption for the attenuation operator. Acoustic 2D finite-difference computations of synthetic seismograms show, that the attenuation operator describes well the decay and lowpass filtering of the averaged wave form, which follows from averaging travel-time-corrected wave forms along the wave front. In the case of exponential random media, analytical forms of the attenuation operators and complex velocities are available. The complex velocities are incorporated into the reflectivity method. As an application, synthetic seismograms are presented for theS _n wave, attenuated by lithospheric velocity and density fluctuations. The limitations of attenuation operators and complex velocities for scattering are also discussed. With these quantities it is not possible to model phenomena related to the scattered waves themselves, such as amplitude and travel-time fluctuations along the wave front, codas and precursors.     

二维地震资料波动方程非线性反演

针对反演的要求和实际问题的需要，提出利用地震资料叠前数据进行二维波动方程反演，采用最小平方拟合修正模型参数的非线性反演方法，构造了问题的加速迭代算法．反演算法充分利用了冗余的叠前数据和多道相关性，可以分离噪声和信号，使噪声不参与或很少参与反演，算法抗噪能力强．数值模拟例子表明算法有效和稳定，得到了令人满意的结果．     

波动数值模拟中透射边界的稳定实现

从波动能量在计算区内累积增大的观点出发,通过简单的一维弹性波模型,系统地阐明了在近场波动数值模拟中透射边界两类数值失稳--"高频振荡"和"零频飘移"的机理:前者源于对波动数值模拟无意义的高频波动在人工边界上的放大和波在有限计算区内多次反射产生的反复放大;后者则源于透射边界允许零频和接近零频的分量不断进入计算区. 由此提出了稳定实现透射边界的完整方案包括两项简单措施:第一,在全部计算区内按文中建议的方法注入小阻尼,以消除高频振荡;第二, 给出一种具有明确物理意义的消除零频飘移的算子算法. 最后,提供了三维波源问题和散射问题的详细数值试验结果.     

Dynamic Model of Fracture Normal Behaviour and Application to Prediction of Stress Wave Attenuation Across Fractures

Summary.  The purpose of this paper is to establish a dynamic constitutive model of fracture normal behaviour, based on laboratory tests of artificial fractures cast by cement mortar. A series of tests are systematically carried out under quasi-static (10⁻¹ MPa/s) up to highly dynamic (10³ MPa/s) monotonic loading conditions. The normal stress-fracture closure response is measured at different loading rates. Based on the measured curves, a nonlinear (hyperbolic) dynamic model of fracture normal behaviour, termed as dynamic BB model, is proposed. The dynamic model is modified from the existing BB model of static normal behaviour of fractures by taking into account the loading-rate effect. Two important dynamic parameters of fractures, FSC _d (dynamic fracture stiffness constant, which describes the incremental ratio of dynamic initial stiffness) and FCC _d (dynamic fracture closure constant, which describes the decremental ratio of dynamic maximum allowable closure), are identified. They indicate the quantitative degree of loading-rate effect on fracture normal behaviour subjected to dynamic loads. For practical application, the new model is incorporated into the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) and subsequently, UDEC modelling of normally incident P-wave transmission across single fractures with the dynamic BB model is conducted. Wave transmission coefficient is obtained for various combinations of fracture dynamic parameters, as well as different wave amplitudes and frequencies. The numerical results show that wave transmission coefficient for a fracture with the dynamic BB model is greater than that for a fracture with the static BB model. In addition, a fracture with higher values of FSC _d and FCC _d leads to higher transmission (lower attenuation). Author’s address: J. Zhao, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rock Mechanics Laboratory, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland