浙江中西部一次大范围降水过程的多普勒雷达资料分析

运用多普勒天气雷达和天气图资料,对2006年7月6日出现在浙江中西部的1次大面积强降水过程进行了分析,探讨了多普勒天气雷达资料在大面积降水过程中的图像特征。发现在不同的降水时段,垂直风廓线(VWP)产品和径向速度PPI图像都表现出非常明显的特征。利用EVAD技术和变分法计算的散度和垂直速度产品,能比较直观地反映这次过程中大气各层辐合、辐散和垂直运动情况,并以此对浙江大面积降水过程发生、发展、维持和消亡的动力学机制进行了探讨。     

华南后汛期降雨量的振动和分布

对１９５９至１９８８年华南后汛期（７－９月）降雨量距平百分率的大尺度变化特征进行了分析,并与前汛期（４－６月）降雨量的情况进行了比较,同时探讨了后汛期降雨量异常的成因。结果表明,华南后汛期雨量存在明显的年际变化,且地区差异显著;后汛期降雨量的异常与热带西太平洋的海水温度、南海地区大气的对流活动及登陆我国东南沿海地区的热带气旋的频数有关。     

Application of the hydrologic visibility concept to estimate rainfall measurement quality of two planned weather radars

This paper presents a practical application of the “hydrologic visibility” concept to select the future site of two planned weather radars of the French national network ARAMIS. This selection was realised by simulating the errors in radar rainfall measurement due to interactions of the radar beam with relief, and to the vertical variation of the radar reflectivity with altitude. Results show the interest of these simulations to optimise the radar location according to the objectives of radar coverage. Beyond these results, this paper highlights aspects interesting for hydrology: this type of simulation can be used to assess the radar measurement quality before initiating a quantitative exploitation of radar data, and before making a comparison or a combination with rain gauge data.     

制作汛期降水集成预报的分区权重法

该文提出一种不受历史预报档案资料多少限制的集成预报方法。这个方法的基本思想是以各种不同预报的历史评分资料为基础,确定各个预报方法的权重。根据若干原则设计了16种预报方案。计算结果表明,这个方法具有较高的准确度和可行性,可以用于业务预报。     

基于格点降水场的中国东部冬季降水变化特征

采用1958-2007年国家级2419地面台站0.5°×0.5°格点降水场和NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,对中国东部冬季降水量变化及对应的大气环流变化特征进行研究。结果表明：冬季近50 a降水量时间序列表现出明显的长期气候变化趋势。20世纪90年代降水较多,大气水汽充足, 60、70年代相反,这种特征反映出水汽在东亚地区输送的强弱及从海洋输入中国大陆水汽的多寡。降水量强弱年差值合成的异常降水量可达40 mm以上。降水量与水汽收支时间序列的相关系数为0.605。水汽收支与降水场的回归系数揭示了长江流域以南地区为异常大值区。降水量强年,冬季风偏弱,对流层低层和高层为异常气旋式环流,低层盛行异常偏南风,孟加拉湾、南海异常暖湿水汽输送到中国东部地区,中国东部近海海温偏高,配合加强的异常垂直上升运动,有利于水汽的增加,造成降水量增加。     

春季青藏高原感热对中国东部夏季降水的影响和预测作用

利用1980-2012年青藏高原中、东部71个站点观测资料、全中国756站的月降水资料、哈得来中心提供的HadISST v1.1海温资料以及ERA-Interim再分析资料,综合青藏高原的感热加热以及全球海温,研究了春季青藏高原感热对中国东部夏季降水的影响,并建立预报方程,探讨了青藏高原春季感热对中国降水的预报作用。结果表明,青藏高原春季感热与中国东部降水关系密切,青藏高原春季感热异常增强伴随着长江流域中下游同期降水增多,后期夏季长江流域整流域降水也持续偏多,华南东部降水偏少。春季青藏高原感热的增强与环北半球中高纬度的罗斯贝波列密切相关,扰动在北太平洋形成的反气旋环流向西南方向延伸至西北太平洋,为长江流域输送大量的水汽,有利于降水的发生。夏季,伴随着前期青藏高原感热的增强,南亚高压位置偏东,西北太平洋副热带高压（西太副高）位置偏西偏南,西太副高北侧为气旋式环流异常。在西太副高的控制下,华南东部降水减少;西太副高西侧的偏南气流为长江流域带来大量水汽,并与来自北部气旋式环流异常西侧的偏北风发生辐合,降水增多。青藏高原春季感热异常是华南和长江流域夏季降水异常的重要前兆信号。加入青藏高原春季感热后,利用海温预报的华南、长江流域夏季降水量与观测值的相关系数有所提高,预报方程对区域降水的解释方差提高约15%。      

东亚夏季风指数的年际变化与东亚大气环流

文中从夏季东亚热带、副热带环流系统特点出发 ,定义了能较好表征东亚夏季风环流年际变化的特征指数 ,并分析了东亚夏季风指数的年际变化与东亚大气环流及夏季中国东部降水的关系。文中定义的东亚夏季风指数既反映了夏季东亚大气环流风场的变化特征 ,也较好地反映了夏季中国东部降水的年际变化特征。此外 ,还探讨了东亚夏季风指数变化的先兆信号     

1980—2012年5—9月川渝盆地小时强降水特征研究

利用四川和重庆123个气象观测站1980—2012年小时降水资料,分析川渝地区主汛期5—9月小时强降水频次、强度和持续性等时间演变和空间分布特征。结果表明,≥20、≥30和≥50 mm·h-1三种强度阈值强降水时间演变上,1980—2012年年际和日变化具有较好的一致性,三种强降水年平均频次分别为504、184和28次。≥20 mm·h-1 强降水空间分布上,在山地地形动力辐合抬升,以及盆地西部较大的地形梯度作用下,≥20 mm·h-1强降水高频次区主要分布于盆地西北部的龙山山脉、西南部雅安及乐山周围与盆地过渡区。≥20 mm·h-1强降水频次的日峰值空间分布上,盆地南部主要出现在20:00—01:00（北京时,下同）,而盆地中部、北部和东部主要在02:00—07:00。持续不同小时时间尺度的强降水事件日变化上,具有双峰型结构,午后为第一个降水峰值,20:00至第二天07:00为第二个峰值,白天多为短时间（2~6 h）强降水事件,而傍晚开始至第二天清晨,持续2~18 h强降水事件均有发生。不同开始时间强降水事件的强度与频次和降水量具有一致性的日变化特征,呈现单峰型结构,峰值主要发生在18:00—06:00,且不同开始时间事件频次和降水量空间分布上,白天（09:00—20:00）相对于夜间（21:00—08:00）偏小,即夜间强降水事件特征表现明显。     

Simulation of the size distribution and erosivity of raindrops and throughfall drops

This paper presents a model that simulates the size distribution and erosivity of raindrops and throughfall drops. It utilizes existing models of rainfall drop size distribution and fall velocity and combines them with newly collated evidence of throughfall drop size distributions. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the model is sensitive to parameters that are easily measured or estimated: rainfall intensity, the mean volume drop diameter of the intercepted throughfall, canopy cover, and canopy height. The results of the model may be used at two levels. Firstly, to calculate specifically the size and fall velocity of individual drops, parameters that are needed in studies examining the response of soil surfaces to forces applied by rainfall. Secondly, to produce erosivity indices, based on rainfall intensity but which take account of the effects of a vegetation canopy. The paper shows that while the kinetic energy of rainfall (E(0), J mm^?1 m^?2) may be calculated from an equation of the familiar form: the kinetic energy of throughfall under any canopy may be calculated by combining this equation with another that relates the energy of drops under a 100 per cent canopy cover (E(100)) and the canopy height: .     

Typical source areas of May 1998 flow-like mass movements in the Campania region, Southern Italy

Flow-like mass movements in granular materials are among the most serious natural hazards, systematically producing huge amounts of damage and numerous victims, especially when involving volcanic soils. This is the case of the events in Southern Italy in May 1998, when rainfall triggered many destructive landslides along the slopes of a carbonate massif mantled by pyroclastic soils. Due to the complexity of the occurred phenomena, a shared interpretation of their triggering stage is still not available.

As a contribution to the topic, the paper initially discusses the geological and geomorphological features of the massif combining them in three hillslopes models. The models are then associated to the hydrogeological features and anthropogenic factors in order to define six typical landslides source areas that are not casually distributed on the massif. The study subsequently focuses on the most frequent type of source areas, associated to the largest unstable soil volumes and longest run-out distances. For these source areas, the triggering mechanism is discussed, with an example of geotechnical validation being proposed for a well monitored mountain basin. The geotechnical modelling at site scale confirms the geological analyses at massif scale and provides further insights into the events, thus highlighting the potential of a multidisciplinary approach for the interpretation of very complex slope instability phenomena.