新疆青河县库布苏破碎蚀变岩型金矿元素迁移特征与规律研究

本文以新疆库布苏金矿北矿带为研究对象,讨论了库布苏金矿床北矿带元素活动特征,成矿及伴生元素、主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素的质量迁移规律;根据稀土元素的质量迁移、地球化学特征,初步探讨了成矿流体的环境条件和来源问题;并依据元素迁移地球化学图研究了库布苏北矿带105勘探线剖面的元素质量迁移程度和范围。研究结果表明,赋矿闪长玢岩脉及围岩的元素发生明显的带入带出作用,元素迁移活动规律明显,成矿阶段发生明显带入有Au、As、Bi、Ag、Sb、K2O、Si O2,说明引起闪长玢岩脉和接触带围岩蚀变的流体中富含Au、As、K2O、Si O2等,导致这些带入元素向矿体迁移富集;发生明显带出的有Ba、Sr、Cu、Mg O、Na2O、Fe2O3、Ca O,说明Ba、Sr、Mg O、Na2O等受热液蚀变作用随流体迁出。矿区岩脉的稀土元素质量变化显著,发生明显的带入带出,岩脉交代蚀变前后的轻重稀土分馏均明显,蚀变后的岩脉轻重稀土分馏程度有减小趋势。赋矿闪长玢岩脉稀土元素配分曲线右倾,轻稀土富集,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu强烈负异常,Ce弱负异常,说明库布苏金矿成矿流体条件应为较高温度和还原环境。从围岩与脉岩中元素的迁移程度和迁移范围可见,带入的成矿指示元素有As、W、Sb、Bi,带出的成矿指示元素有Mg、Na。     

“三江”中段两类碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿化成因的相关性——来自稀土元素地球化学研究的启示

世界范围内的碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿带内常在区域上出现以方解石等碳酸盐矿物为主要脉石矿物的富碳酸盐型铅锌矿化和以碳酸盐+萤石为主要脉石矿物的富氟型铅锌矿化这两种矿化形式,但不同元素组合的出现在成因上是否有相关性并不明确。青藏高原"三江"成矿带中段玉树地区同一矿集区内近同时发育了东莫扎抓富碳酸盐型和莫海拉亨富氟型铅锌矿床,二者均为碳酸盐岩赋矿,以逆断层为主要控矿构造,具有层控的矿体产状特征,矿石矿物均为方铅矿+闪锌矿,但是,东莫扎抓矿床以方解石+白云石等碳酸盐矿物为主要脉石矿物,莫海拉亨则以方解石+萤石为主要脉石矿物。研究表明,两个矿区含钙矿物的稀土元素地球化学特征存有差异。东莫扎抓矿区方解石的稀土元素具有轻重稀土元素分馏相对明显、轻稀土元素富集、Eu负异常明显的特征,在球粒陨石标准化配分模式图上呈现右倾或轻微右倾的"V"字形曲线。莫海拉亨矿区方解石及萤石轻重稀土元素分馏不明显,有明显的Eu负异常,球粒陨石标准化配分模式图上呈现轻微的"M"型曲线。稀土元素总量上,东莫扎抓(0.46×10-6~10.79×10-6)较莫海拉亨矿床(0.25×10-6~5.88×10-6)高。稀土元素地球化学特征揭示,两个矿床的含钙矿物都沉淀自与岩浆作用无关的热液流体,伴随硫化物沉淀,流体盐度降低,还原性变弱。莫海拉亨矿床除具有一套和东莫扎抓矿床来源一致的流体外,还具有另一套来自深部变质基底的富氟流体,这套流体控制了富氟型碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床的沉淀位置,使其在区域上更靠近逆冲体系主逆冲带,且多在区域上最底层的碳酸盐岩地层中发育。这一认识解释了世界上多个碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌成矿带内同一空间、时间范围内两套不同类型铅锌矿床型式共同出现的原因。     

基于形态学分析铅锌矿不同功能区土壤重金属元素的分布特征及污染评价

为掌握尤溪铅锌矿区土壤重金属元素分布特征和污染现状,通过采集尤溪铅锌矿不同功能区0~20cm表层土壤样品,测定土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr 5种重金属元素的总量及其化学形态,分析不同功能区土壤重金属污染及分布特征,同时采用次生相与原生相比值法(RSP)进行污染评价。结果表明,尤溪铅锌矿不同功能区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd含量均超过国家土壤环境质量三级标准,废弃冶炼区土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量均最高,分别为标准值的14.78、1.13、3.73、1.34倍,采矿区Cr含量最高,但未超过标准限值。重金属形态结果表明,相比其他元素,Cd弱酸提取态所占比例最高,Cu可交换态比例最高,Pb、Zn、Cr以残渣态为主。RSP法评价表明,不同重金属的污染程度表现为:Cu(1.15)Cd(0.80)Pb(0.59)Zn(0.57)Cr(0.54);不同功能区土壤重金属污染表现为:尾矿库区冶炼区废弃冶炼区采矿区。SPEF法评价表明,尤溪铅锌矿区受人为污染明显,采矿区和尾矿库区Zn污染最为严重,冶炼区和废弃冶炼区Pb污染最为严重,功能区污染顺序为:尾矿库区冶炼区废弃冶炼区采矿区。     

南秦岭主要类型热水沉积岩的REE地球化学

南秦岭泥盆纪沉积柱中产有多种类型海底热水沉积岩．它们的ΣＲＥＥ偏低（平均６３．０９×１０－６），ＲＥＥ配分曲线平缓右倾，Ｌａ／Ｙｂ＝２～８，Ｃｅ亏损，总体上与海水相似。产于Ｓｅｄｅｘ含矿层中的热水沉积岩具有正Ｅｕ异常，与现代海底热液及红海热液沉积物可比；而产在Ｓｅｄｅｘ含矿层以下地层中的热水沉积岩Ｅｕ亏损，与ＥＰＲ热液沉积物相似。ＲＥＥ地球化学研究和岩石学研究结果一致，支持热水沉积岩ＲＥＥ来源于海水及部分下伏沉积柱（包括基底），含矿热水沉积岩是盆地热演化到一定阶段具有一定深度和规模的循环对流体系在海底的化学沉积，而Ｓｅｄｅｘ含矿层以下地层中的热水沉积岩则是浅部热水对流循环的海底显示．成岩和变质作用对岩石的ＲＥＥ未造成影响。     

Physico-chemical Speciation of Lead in South San Francisco Bay

The speciation of lead at a site in the South San Francisco Bay was determined using a combination of physical size fractionation and electrochemical analyses. The ‘ total dissolvable ’ Pb was 8·1 nM from analysis of an acidified unfiltered sample. The ‘ dissolved ’ Pb was equal to 0·20 nM (41 ng l⁻¹), only 2·5% of the ‘ total dissolvable ’ Pb. The difference yielded the ‘ particulate ’ Pb equal to 7·9 nM (1·6 μg l⁻¹). Results from crossflow ultrafiltration indicated that almost all (0·19 nM) of the dissolved Pb was ‘ in solution ’ [<10K nominal molecular weight (MW)] and that colloidal Pb (10K MW to 0·2 μm)accounted for onlyc. 1% of the dissolved Pb at this station. This small concentration (0·01 nM) of colloidal Pb may be attributed to the low amount of organic carbon associated with colloid size fraction as determined by dissolved organic carbon analyses.The chemical speciation of lead was determined in the dissolved sample and ultrafiltered sub-sample. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) on a thin mercury film (TMF) rotating glassy carbon disk electrode (RGCDE) was used to distinguish the kinetically labile inorganic species (Pb′) from the Pb-chelated by organic ligands (PbL_i). Lead titration results were similar for both samples revealing that Pb′, PbL_iand excess unbound ligands were present primarily in the ultrafiltrate, rather than in the colloidal phase. The titration data can be interpreted as dissolved Pb being influenced by two classes of Pb-binding ligands. In the dissolved sample, the concentration of the stronger class of ligands was [L₁]=0·89±0·35 nM, with a conditional stability constant ofK^cond_L1,Pb′=3±1×10¹⁰M⁻¹. The weaker class was [L₂]=12·8±1·9 nM, withK^cond_L1,Pb′=4±1×10⁸ M⁻¹. The presence of these ligands, in excess of the dissolved Pb, resulted in [Pb′]=7±2 pM and [Pb²⁺]=0·3 pM (62 pg l⁻¹). While less than 2·4% of the ambient Pb was ‘ in solution ’, it existed chiefly in the form of organic complexes with [PbL₁]=0·15 nM and [PbL₂]=0·03 nM. More significantly, there were large concentrations of unchelated Pb-binding ligands, (L_i′), available to buffer the free Pb²⁺concentration in the event of perturbations in dissolved Pb.     

Arsenic Speciation in Lichens and in Coarse and Fine Airborne Particulate Matter by HPLC–UV–HG–AFS

A three-step sequential extraction procedure with Milli-Q, CaCl₂ and H₃PO₄ was applied for extraction of arsenic species in lichen transplants and airborne particulate matter (fine and coarse fractions). The samples used in this work were collected in 1994–1995 near coal-fired power plants. Both transplant lichens and airborne particulate matter were submitted to the same environment simultaneously. Arsenic species identification and quantification was performed by HPLC–UV–HG–AFS. Inorganic forms of arsenic (arsenite and arsenate) were present in significant amounts in most of the samples. Only in lichens also organic forms of arsenic (monomethyl arsonic acid and dimethyl arsinic acid) were identified which may indicate biotransformation of inorganic arsenic.     

Ore-forming fluid and mineralization of Caijiaying and Dajing polymetallic ore deposits

Fluid inclusions from the Dajing and Caijiaying deposits have nearly the same ho-mogenization temperature. Correlation between temperature and salinity shows that both Sn-and Cu-bearing fluids Sn and Cu were present in the Dajing deposit but only one kind of fluids continuously evolved in the Caijiaying deposit. Study on rare earth elements (REE) in ancient fluid from the inclusions indicates that the fluid of Sn mineralizing stage in Dajing was derived from remelting magma of the continental crust, and the fluid of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralizing stage in the Dajing deposit and the fluid of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization in the Caijiaying deposit were derived from the mantle. It is concluded that the Cu-Pb-Zn mineralizations in the Dajing and Caijiaying deposits resulted from the identical tectono-thermal event of magma-fluids induced by Mesozoic tectonic transition and extension in the eastern part of North China Craton.     

东秦岭钼矿带内碳酸岩脉型钼（铅）矿床地质 地球化学特征、成矿机制及成矿构造背景

东秦岭钼矿带位于华北板块南缘,NW-NWW向的固始―栾川深断裂带控制着钼矿床的空间分布.黄水庵碳酸岩脉型钼(铅)矿床的确定,为本矿带内已有碳酸岩脉型钼(铅)矿床(黄龙铺地区的大石沟、石家湾和桃园等)增添了又一新成员.本矿带不仅钼金属储量居世界已知单个钼矿带之首,而且碳酸岩脉和花岗斑岩两个成矿体系并存,亦是本区钼矿带的一大特色.业已查明,黄水庵和黄龙铺(大石沟)等碳酸岩脉型钼(铅)矿床的δ~(13)C=-5.3‰～-7.0‰,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.7049～0.7065.同时,方解石富含轻稀土(LREE/HREE=1.8～2.9).辉钼矿以富含Re(平均为110×10~(-6)～244×10~(-6))为特征.基于含矿碳酸岩脉方解石的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素比值(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr对~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb对~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd对~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)的关系图,我们初步判断本矿带区域陆壳之下可能存在有EMI(富集地幔Ⅰ),这些含矿碳酸岩脉是源于EMI的碱性硅酸盐-碳酸盐熔体-溶液结晶分异的产物,成矿金属Mo、Pb主要来自EMI.根据黄水庵和黄龙铺(大石沟)钼(铅)矿床的成矿年龄(Re-Os年龄分别为209.5 Ma和221 Ma),我们推断,碳酸岩脉型钼(铅)矿床形成于华北和扬子两大板块三叠纪碰撞造山后伸展阶段的晚三叠世时期,而在侏罗纪陆内造山晚期的伸展阶段,形成了晚侏罗-早白垩世的斑岩型和斑岩-矽卡岩型钼矿床(Re-Os年龄介于147～116 Ma).     

REE-HFSE distribution/partitioning between garnetiferous restites and TTG from Nademavinapura area,Western Dharwar craton

The major part of the Peninsular Gneiss in Dharwar craton is made up of Trondjhemite-Tonalite-Granodiorite (TTG) emplaced at different periods ranging from 3.60 to 2.50 Ga. The sodic-silicic magma precursors of these rocks have geochemical features characteristic of partial melting of hydrated basalt. In these TTGs, enclaves of amphibolites (± garnet) are abundant. These restites are considered to be the residue of a basaltic crust after its partial melting. A detailed study of these (residue) enclaves reveals textures formed due to the process of partial melting. Major, trace and REE analysis of these residue enclaves and the melt TTGs and microprobe analysis of the coexisting minerals show partitioning of REE and HFSE between the precursor melt of TTGs and the upper amphibolite facies residues. Formation of garnetiferous amphibolites with biotite, Cpx and plagioclase consequent to melting, has squeezed the original MORB type of basaltic crust and given rise to the TTGs, depleted in Y, Yb, K₂O, MgO, FeO, TiO₂ and enriched in La, Th, U, Zr and Hf. Coevally during the process of melting, the hydrated basalt was depleted in Na₂O, Al₂O₃, LREE, Th, U and enriched in K₂O, MgO, Nb, Ti, Yb, Y, Sc, Ni, Cr and Co. Mineral chemistry of co-existing garnet-biotite and amphibole-plagioclase in these amphibolitic (restite) enclaves indicates an average temperature of 700 ± 50° C and pressure of 5 ± 1 Kbar. These data are inferred to indicate that during the garnet stability field metamorphism, effective fractionation of HREE and HFSE has taken place between the restites having Fe-Mg silicates, ilmenites and the extracted melt generated from the MORB type of hydrated basalt. These results are strongly substantiated by the reported melting experiments on hydrated basalts.     

新疆阿勒泰市阿巴宫铁矿磷灰石微量和稀土元素特征及矿床成因探讨

阿巴宫铁矿床产于阿尔泰南缘晚志留世-早泥盆世的酸性火山岩中.矿体呈透镜状、脉状及似层状,受火山断裂构造控制,与围岩界线清楚;围岩蚀变不很发育,矿石品位较高;磷灰石与磁铁矿共生.其特征可以与瑞典北部Kiruna型铁矿床、宁芜玢岩铁矿床等进行对比.对阿巴宫铁矿床两个不同矿区磷灰石的稀土元素及微量元素组成的分析结果表明,磷灰石中∑REE变化于1352.96×10-6～6986.33×10-6之间,平均值为3717.70×10-6; (La/Yb)N比值变化于1.37～9.77之间,平均值5.22;δEu范围在0.22～0.30之间,平均值0.25;以轻稀土元素富集、轻重稀土元素分馏较弱和Eu的显著负异常为特征,与瑞典北部Kiruna型铁矿床、宁芜玢岩铁矿床相一致,表明阿巴宫铁矿床与上述铁矿床成因相同,均属岩浆分异成因.变质流纹岩稀土元素分布曲线形态与磷灰石的非常相似,微量元素特征也基本一致,表明铁的成矿作用与花岗质岩浆的分异-矿浆侵入有关. 