中国东部大陆岩石层壳──幔结构比值R与动力学特征

根据前人和作者最新深部地球物理探测研究成果，完成了中国东部大陆（１０５°Ｅ以东）１°×１°壳－幔结构比值Ｒ（Ｒ＝Ｃ／Ｌ，Ｃ为地壳厚度，Ｌ为岩石层厚度）分布图的编绘．研究了Ｒ值分布与东部大陆岩石层分块、大地构造形态特征；Ｒ值分布与东部大陆地震活动的非均匀性特征；Ｒ值分布的动力学内涵．结果表明：１．Ｒ值等值线特征反映了岩石层块体划分、大地构造形态，Ｒ值特征与岩石层块体划分、大地构造形态有其深部成因上的联系；２．高Ｒ值区对应地震高活动区，因而Ｒ值可作为地震区划、地震危险性评定的定量指标，Ｒ值是地震活动的动力因子．     

蒙山矿的晶体结构

本文对产于我国山东的新矿物蒙山矿(Mathiasite)进行了晶体结构精测。蒙山矿的晶体化学式为:(K、Ca、Sr)(Ti、cr、Fe、Mg、Zr)_(21)O_(38),三方晶系,空间群R,晶胞参数:a_o=10.3722,c_o=20.7161(六方定向),a_R=9.1403,a=69.187°(菱面体定向)。应用RASA-5RP自动转靶四圆单晶衍射仪,对蒙山矿收集了独立的1554个衍射强度。经结构解析和修正,求得了晶体中各原子的坐标、温度因子、占位度。并计算了原子的间距和键角。结构修正的偏离因子: R=0.047。蒙山矿产于金伯利岩中,形成于高温高压下。通过结构测定,确定了该矿物中Ti、Cr、Mg、K等元素的配位形式,特别是查明了Zr在这种以Ti为主的复杂氧化物中有独立的结晶学位置,并有缺席现象。以上研究成果丰富了金伯利岩中金属副矿物的矿物学和晶体化学内容。     

柴达木盆地茫崖坳陷古近系—新近系R_o分布特征及地质意义

柴达木盆地西部的茫崖坳陷是青海油田的主力油气产区 ,对该区古近系—新近系镜质组反射率(Ro)进行了系统研究 ,发现其垂向分布有两种规律 :一是 Ro 与垂深有良好的线性关系 ,多分布在坳陷中央 ,反映了沉积环境、物源和构造的稳定性较好 ;二是 Ro 与垂深呈右阶状 ,反映了逆冲叠覆。此外 ,通过 EASY% Ro 方法计算了研究区地层剥蚀厚度 ,认为干柴沟—油泉子为英雄岭隆起的主轴 ,因为剥蚀了 36 0 0～ 375 0 m,所以英雄岭主峰在地形上呈现出隆起主轴的假貌。通过地层剥蚀厚度的研究 ,还发现油气田主要分布在剥蚀梯度带上。这一结论对柴达木盆地油气勘探开发具有重要意义     

R型聚类分析在确定成矿岩体中的应用 --以延边复兴-杜荒岭金矿化集中区为例

根据研究区地质条件及闪长玢岩和矿石中微量元素地球化学特征，从理论角度定性分析闪长玢岩与Au、Ag矿之间的关系，确定出(石英)闪长玢岩为与Au、Ag成矿相关的岩体。讨论并针对闪长玢岩中微量元素含量进行了数据化分析，而R型聚类分析也确定出与Au、Ag成矿相关的岩体为(石英)闪长玢岩。因此，以地质条件分析为基础，定量分析(这里为R型聚类分析)和定性分析均能确定与Au、Ag矿化有关的成矿岩体，但定量分析更具体，更直接。     

多道瞬态瑞雷波勘探应用研究

在层状介质中,瑞雷波具有频散特性.瑞雷波波速主要与其穿透深度范围内的介质物理性质有关.利用瑞雷波波速与剪切波波速的相关性可以进行岩土力学参数测试,但传统的瑞雷波勘探方法有一定的局限性.本文发展了多道瞬态瑞雷波勘探技术,从测量仪器选择、观测系统设计、数据采集与处理等方面进行了研究,并在岩土工程勘察和地基加固处理效果评价中取得了良好的应用效果.     

近50年来兰州城市气候变化的R/S分析

运用R／S方法、城效对比法，对1951－1999年兰州市城市气候的温度、水汽压、相对湿度和日照百分率等指标的冬（1月）、夏（7月）及年平均值进行了计算分析，各项指标的Hurst指数H均大于0.5，说明它们存在明显的赫斯特现象，反映了兰州市近50年来气候变化存在趋势性成分，即持续性的城市化气候效应。至于各项指标的Hurst指数在冬、夏及年平均值间有差异，分析证明这是兰州城市化气候效应强度的季节差异所造成。     

Random Difference of the Trace Element Distribution in Skarn and Marbles from Shizishan Orefield,Anhui Province,China

Spatial distribution patterns of element concentrations can reflect the information of the mineralization processes. Both the Hurst exponent calculated by R/S analysis and the generalized fractal dimension calculated by using the multifractal model are important parameters for describing the spatial distribution of elements. Five long drill holes, named as M1, S1, S2,S3, and S4, have been selected in the Shizishan (狮子山) skarn orefield in Tongling (铜陵), Anhui (安徽) Province, China. Marbles are well developed around MI and skarn rocks are largely distributed along S1, S2, S3, and S4 drill holes. The drill holes were sampled evenly with an interval of 10 m and 16 trace elements have been measured. The mean of the △D(q) (the height of the generalized dimension spectrum) in the MI drill hole is the lowest. In addition, the mean of the Hurst exponents of the 16 elements in the MI drill hole is also much smaller than that of S1, S2, S3, S4 drill holes, which is in accordance with the analysis of the generalized dimension. It is indicated by the generalized dimension and Hurst exponent that the distribution of trace elements in the marbles is more random than that in the skarn. The result suggests that the mineralization process can change the randomness and persistence features of the element distribution.     

陕北能源开发区产业同构化对比研究与趋势预测

正确认识区域产业同构状况及演变趋势,对于制定科学的经济发展政策,尤其是产业发展政策具有较为重要的现实意义。以陕北能源开发区-榆林市为研究对象,根据1995-2015年三次产业数据分析了榆林市产业结构模式,通过产业结构相似系数测度了榆林市产业同构,并从横向与纵向两个维度对产业同构进行对比分析,另采用R/S分析法,对未来产业同构的演变趋势进行预测。研究发现：（1）榆林市产业呈现典型的"二三一"产业结构模式,第二产业比重较大,成为推动全市经济发展的主导力量。（2）榆林市北六县和南六县内部产业结构趋同度属于较高层次,产业结构同质化现象十分严重;尤其以神木县-府谷县（0.976 2）和佳县-清涧县（0.967 5）最为突出,南六县与北六县绝大多数区县间产业同构度都低于0.9,产业趋同现象不明显。（3）榆林市南六县与北六县产业结构相似系数的H（1995-2015）=0.611 2>0.5,如果在原有条件下继续发展,榆林市未来产业同构化程度将有所强化,但存在周期性变化。研究认为在相似的能源条件、经济交流与联系日益紧密及经济发展水平不断接近的条件下,榆林市产业结构的趋同发展具有一定必然性,在未来制定促进经济发展的政策时应有一个清醒的认识。     

1960-2010年中国西南地区0 ℃层高度变化特征

使用西南地区1960-2010 年14 探空站高空气象资料和对应的14 个地面观测站的5 个气温要素和2 个降水要素资料,通过Mann-Kendall 检验,线性趋势法、相关分析法及R/S 分析方法,分析了西南地区0 ℃层高度的时间变化特征和空间分布情况以及0 ℃层高度与气温、降水、海拔的相关性分析,并预测了0 ℃层高度未来变化趋势及持续性强度。结果表明:(1) 西南地区0 ℃层高度年代际变化表现为自20 世纪70 年代后突然降低之后逐渐升高的趋势,各季节年代际变化也不尽相同;(2) 西南地区0 ℃层高度在年际变化方面,在全年、秋季和冬季处于上升趋势,以冬季变化趋势最为明显且通过了显著性检验,春季和夏季处于不明显的下降趋势;(3) 西南地区0 ℃层高度的空间分布表现为由南向北逐渐降低的趋势,夏季较为均匀,从年际变化空间分布来看,年、季节变化空间差异也比较明显;(4) 西南地区各气温和降水要素表现出非常明显的空间差异,与降水各要素相比较,气温各要素与0 ℃层高度相关性更显著;从0 ℃层高度与海拔高度相关性来看,夏季0 ℃层高度与海拔高度相关性最好,而与其他季节及年的相关性不明显。(5) 未来趋势预测表明,西南地区年、季节0 ℃层高度变化趋势与过去一致,并且大部分站点保持较强的持续性。     

SegOptim—A new R package for optimizing object-based image analyses of high-spatial resolution remotely-sensed data

Geographic Object-based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) is increasingly used to process high-spatial resolution imagery, with applications ranging from single species detection to habitat and land cover mapping. Image segmentation plays a key role in GEOBIA workflows, allowing to partition images into homogenous and mutually exclusive regions. Nonetheless, segmentation techniques require a robust parameterization to achieve the best results. Frequently, inappropriate parameterization leads to sub-optimal results and difficulties in comparing distinct methods.Here, we present an approach based on Genetic Algorithms (GA) to optimize image segmentation parameters by using the performance scores from object-based classification, thus allowing to assess the adequacy of a segmented image in relation to the classification problem. This approach was implemented in a new R package called SegOptim, in which several segmentation algorithms are interfaced, mostly from open-source software (GRASS GIS, Orfeo Toolbox, RSGISLib, SAGA GIS, TerraLib), but also from proprietary software (ESRI ArcGIS). SegOptim also provides access to several machine-learning classification algorithms currently available in R, including Gradient Boosted Modelling, Support Vector Machines, and Random Forest.We tested our approach using very-high to high spatial resolution images collected from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (0.03 – 0.10 m), WorldView-2 (2 m), RapidEye (5 m) and Sentinel-2 (10 – 20 m) in six different test sites located in northern Portugal with varying environmental conditions and for different purposes, including invasive species detection and land cover mapping. The results highlight the added value of our novel comparison of image segmentation and classification algorithms. Overall classification performances (assessed through cross-validation with the Kappa index) ranged from 0.85 to 1.00. Pilot-tests show that our GA-based approach is capable of providing sound results for optimizing the parameters of different segmentation algorithms, with benefits for classification accuracy and for comparison across techniques. We also verified that no particular combination of an image segmentation and a classification algorithm is suited for all the tasks/objectives. Consequently, it is crucial to compare and optimize available methods to understand which one is more suited for a certain objective.Our approach allows a closer integration between the segmentation and classification stages, which is of high importance for GEOBIA workflows. The results from our tests confirm that this integration has benefits for comparing and optimizing both processes. We discuss some limitations of the SegOptim approach (and potential solutions) as well as a future roadmap to expand its current functionalities.