Air pollution hazard assessment using decision tree algorithms and bivariate probability cluster polar function: evaluating inter-correlation clusters of PM10 and other air pollutants

ABSTRACT

The automated classification of ambient air pollutants is an important task in air pollution hazard assessment and life quality research. In the current study, machine learning (ML) algorithms are used to identify the inter-correlation between dominant air pollution index (API) for PM10 percentile values and other major air pollutants in order to detect the vital pollutants’ clusters in ambient monitoring data around the study area. Two air quality stations, CA0016 and CA0054, were selected for this research due to their strategic locations. Non-linear RPart and Tree model of Decision Tree (DT) algorithm within the R programming environment were adopted for classification analysis. The pollutants’ respective significance to PM10 occurrence was evaluated using Random forest (RF) of DT algorithms and K means polar cluster function identified and grouped similar features, and also detected vital clusters in ambient monitoring data around the industrial areas. Results show increase in the number of clusters did not significantly alter results. PM10 generally shows a reduction in trend, especially in SW direction and an overall minimal reduction in the pollutants’ concentration in all directions is observed (less than 1). Fluctuations were observed in the behaviors of CO and NO_x during the day while NOx displayed relative stability. Results also show that a direct and positive linear relationship exists between the PM10 (target pollutant) and CO, SO₂, which suggests that these pollutants originate from the same sources. A semi-linear relationship is observed between the PM10 and others (O₃ and NO_x) while humidity shows a negative linearity with PM10. We conclude that most of the major pollutants show a positive trend toward the industrial areas in both stations while tra?c emissions dominate this site (CA0016) for CO and NOx. Potential applications of nuggets of information derived from these results in reducing air pollution and ensuring sustainability within the city are also discussed. Results from this study are expected to provide valuable information to decision makers to implement viable strategies capable of mitigating air pollution effects.     

前苏联铁路网的形成、发展和布局

前苏联是世界上铁路运输利用率最高的国家。本文从其铁路发展的背景条件出发，分析了铁路成为前苏联最主要运输方式的原因，并进一步探讨了前苏联铁路网的建设、发展和分布特点，对我国正在进行的大规模铁路建设有一定借鉴意义。     

The Performance of Atmospheric Component Model R42L9 of GOALS／LASG

This paper examines the performance of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG/IAP). It is a spectral model truncated at R42(2.8125°long×1.66°lat) resolution and with nine vertical levels, and referred to as R42L9/LASG hereafter. It is also the new version of atmospheric component model R15L9 of the global ocean-atmosphere-land system (GOALS/LASG). A 40-year simulation in which the model is forced with the climatological monthly mean sea surface temperature is compared with the 40-year (1958-97) U.S. National Center for Environmental Prediction (NGEP) global reanalysis and the 22-year (1979-2000) Xie-Arkin monthly precipitation climatology. The mean DJF and JJA geographical distributions of precipitation, sea level pressure, 500-hPa geopotential height, 850-hPa and 200-hPa zonal wind, and other fields averaged for the last 30-year integrat     

滇西北兰坪盆地金满脉状铜矿床绢云母^40Ar-^39Ar年龄对成矿时代的约束

处于印度大陆与亚洲大陆主碰撞带北东侧的兰坪盆地西缘的金满铜矿床，产于中生代陆相沉积砂岩、泥岩中，以其属新类型陆相喷流铜矿床而引起人们的关注。关于其成矿时代至今仍然存在争论。采用常规^40Ar/^39Ar阶段升温测年法对金满铜矿床主矿体旁侧的含铜热液蚀变矿物绢云母进行了测试，获得3组视平均年龄分别为88Ma、67Ma、37Ma。结合兰坪盆地区域地质成矿背景，认为金满铜矿成矿经历了早期67Ma的成矿作用和晚期37Ma的成矿叠加作用，后者代表了金满铜矿的主要形成年龄。金满铜矿床的2期成矿年龄可能是印～藏碰撞(古新世)和走滑～拉分(始新世)等重大地质构造事件在矿床中留下的同位素年龄信息．暗示着古新世时期的构造作用和始新世时期的构造-岩浆-成矿活动对兰坪盆地的作用。     

High-altitude Plio–Quaternary fluvial deposits and their implication on the tilt of a horst, western Anatolia, Turkey

This study investigates the origin and regional tectonic implications of high-altitude Plio (?)–Quaternary fluvial deposits developed over the Bozdağ horst which is an important structural element within the horst–graben system of western Anatolia, Turkey.A total of 23 deposits occur near the modern drainage divide comprising fluvial to occasionally lacustrine deposits. The deposits are all elongated in N–S direction with a width / length ratio of 1 / 10. The largest of them is of 13 km in length with a maximum observable thickness of about 100–110 m. Morphological, lithological, deformational characteristics of these deposits and the drainage system of the area all suggest that the deposits were formed due to uplift and southward tilting of the Bozdağ horst. This tilting which is estimated as 1.2° to 2.2° caused accumulation of the stream load along channels flowing from south to north. All the deposits were later dissected by the same streams with the exception of one deposit which still preserves its original lake form. These deposits are of Quaternary age, which corresponds to the latest N–S directed extensional tectonic phase in the region.     

A hybrid method for the vulnerability assessment of R/C and URM buildings

The methodology followed by the Aristotle University (AUTh) team for the vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete (R/C) and unreinforced masonry (URM) structures is presented. The paper focuses on the derivation of vulnerability (fragility) curves in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), as well as spectral displacement (s _d), and also includes the estimation of capacity curves, for several R/C and URM building types. The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the hybrid approach developed at AUTh, which combines statistical data with appropriately processed (utilising repair cost models) results from nonlinear dynamic or static analyses, that permit extrapolation of statistical data to PGA’s and/or spectral displacements for which no data are available. The statistical data used herein are from earthquake-damaged greek buildings. An extensive numerical study is carried out, wherein a large number of building types (representing most of the common typologies in S. Europe) are modelled and analysed. Vulnerability curves for several damage states are then derived using the aforementioned hybrid approach. These curves are subsequently used in combination with the mean spectrum of the Microzonation study of Thessaloniki as the basis for the derivation of new vulnerability curves involving spectral quantities. Pushover curves are derived for all building types, then reduced to standard capacity curves, and can easily be used together with the S _d fragility curves as an alternative for developing seismic risk scenarios.     

成都市数字化地震及前兆观测网建设和展望

本文着重介绍了成都市的地震监测工作状况。在“九五”、“十五”期间,成都市加大了对地震监测基础设施建设的投入,先后建成了成都市数字遥测地震台网(含一期工程、二期工程)和成都市数字电磁波观测台网,改造了成都市地震监测中心。根据成都市现有地震监(观)测能力,“十一五”期间,将继续加强成都市的地震监(观)测工作,从防震减灾的角度提升成都市的综合竞争力。     

第11届国际土动力学和地震工程会议及第13届世界地震工程会议砂土液化研究综述

最近国际上土动力学和岩土地震工程方面召开了两次重大学术会议,即2004年1月在美国Berkeley召开的第11届国际土动力学和地震工程学术会议(11thSDEE)以及和2004年8月在加拿大温哥华召开的第13届世界地震工程大会(13thWCEE),对这两次会议中有关砂土液化方面的研究进行综述,力求反映液化研究方面的最新研究进展和发展趋势。     

铅挤压消能支撑框架模型结构试验研究

通过铅挤压消能器的低周反复加载试验,以及安装有铅挤压消能器的钢筋混凝土消能支撑框架模型结构的伪静力试验,主要研究了铅挤压消能器单独受反复荷载时的消能性能以及其在模型结构中所起的消能作用,模型结构的破坏机理和整体消能能力。研究结果表明,铅挤压消能器具有很好的消能能力,在模型结构总耗能中占据了很大的比例,模型结构具有较好的耗散地震能量的能力。     

三峡水库区滑坡时间记录的R/S分析

文章对统计的三峡库区滑坡的发生时间和规模运用时间记录分析,得到滑坡发生的年份统计规律及其发展趋势。首先对所有规模大于等于1×104m3滑坡进行分析,然后将这些滑坡按其规模划分不同等级,分别运用R/S方法进行时间记录分析,结果表明:不同规模等级滑坡的Hurst关系具有相似的特征,这一结果反映了不同规模等级的滑坡之间的统计相似性。研究区滑坡时间分布的Hurst指数均大于0.5,表明了滑坡发生具有规律和随机的双重性质。而Hurst指数偏离0.5的程度就衡量了随机性因素与确定性因素在滑坡时间分布中所占的比重。运用R/S方法,可以对一定时间范围内的滑坡涨落做出估计。