东海外陆架晚第四纪若干沉积学问题的研究现状与展望

我国东海陆架尤其外陆架的晚第四纪沉积地层、古河道沉积与下切河谷充填沉积、潮流沙脊沉积研究等已经取得较多研究成果,综述已有的研究认识和关键科学问题,讨论地层研究中的氧同位素2期和4期地层划分出现的争议、不同的地层演化模式以及与之紧密相关的末次冰盛期古河道的存在与演化、东海陆架冰后期潮流沙脊成因研究中存在的不同观点,提出未来东海外陆架晚第四纪沉积学研究的思路和工作展望。     

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黑龙江省莲花山第四纪火山

本文论述了黑龙江省莲花山火山的火山景观、喷发时代、岩石学和岩石化学、构造和经济地质。根据莲花山火山石龙岩同位素测年和第四纪地层层序资料,其喷发时代属早更新世。新取得的岩石的稀土元素、微量元素、幔源包体和巨晶资料表明其岩性和五大连池相似,又略有差别。作者认为莲花山和尖山为五大连池火山往-西南的延伸。广义的五大连池火山群包括五大连池、莲花山和尖山,共21座火山锥。     

利用ΔlogR技术计算柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系有机碳

利用ΔlogR技术计算有机碳是一种不同于传统地球化学测试得到的有机碳方法.该方法利用烃源岩有机碳含量在测井曲线(声波时差、电阻率)上的响应特征,建立测井解释模型,计算TOC的连续分布值,从而得到准确的有机碳含量,补充取心资料的不足.本文应用ΔlogR技术,结合实测数据,建立起三湖地区测井资料与有机碳含量之间的定量关系模型,然后利用该模型对三湖地区25口重点探井进行有机碳计算.结果表明:有机碳总体上数值含量偏低,平均值为0.33%;在纵向上,具有2个峰值,其中k5-k6峰值段是第四系最大湖泛期形成的沉积;在平面上,有机碳高值区位于台南-涩北构造以北和台吉乃尔与南陵丘以南区域,而南斜坡和涩南1井以东区域有机碳含量较低.本次研究获取了较为准确的烃源岩评价参数,最终得到该区第四系天然气资源量得到油田认可.     

福建第四纪不可能有冰川活动

根据已有研究的文献资料,对福建第四纪冰期时没有冰川活动进行论证．首先从早、中、晚更新世的化石研究资料,阐明福建地层古生物资料不支持“冰川说”;然后根据福建从北到南各地大量现存的第三纪以至古生代的喜暖孑遗植物,说明第四纪福建南北都没有冰川活动;再从福建的纬度和海拔2方面,证明福建第四纪不具备形成冰川的温度条件;最后指出所谓的冰臼,实为河水冲刷侵蚀而成的壶穴．     

珠江三角洲南部晚第四纪环境变化的稀土元素记录

珠江三角洲南部平原PRD05孔稀土元素（REE）的分布特征与晚第四纪沉积环境变化密切相关。随着不同时期沉积环境的波动,稀土元素分布也发生相应的变化。约31000 cal a BP 以前,研究区发育河流环境,受矿物组成和沉积物粒度的影响,REE含量偏低,且重稀土元素（HREE）相对富集。31000-16600 cal a BP 期间,REE含量明显高于前一阶段,并显示轻稀土元素（LREE）富集;稀土元素分布模式表现为河口半咸水环境特征;其上部沉积物经历了末次冰盛期的风化作用,稀土元素分布模式与下部近平行,但LREE的富集程度略高。16 600-10 300 cal a BP 为冰后期海平面上升初期,研究区发育沼泽环境,由于有机质含量高而导致稀土元素含量普遍较高。10 300-5600 cal a BP 为全新世海侵期,研究区持续发育河口湾-浅海环境,其REE含量总体较高,并显示LREE富集;随着水体深度和盐度条件发生多次波动,稀土元素分布特征也表现出小幅度变化。5600 cal a BP 以来,河流作用逐渐增强,并受到潮汐作用间歇性影响,其含量显著下降,但波动频繁。     

The effect of submerged plateaux on Pleistocene gyral circulation and sea-surface temperatures in the Southwest Pacific

Uniquely in the Southern Hemisphere the New Zealand micro-continent spans the interface between a subtropical gyre and the Subantarctic Circumpolar Current. Its 20° latitudinal extent includes a complex of submerged plateaux, ridges, saddles and basins which, in the present interglacial, are partial barriers to circulation and steer the Subtropical (STF) and Subantarctic (SAF) fronts. This configuration offers a singular opportunity to assess the influence of bottom topography on oceanic circulation through Pleistocene glacial – interglacial (G/I) cycles, its effect on the location and strength of the fronts, and its ability to generate significant differences in mixed layer thermal history over short distances.For this study we use new planktic foraminiferal based sea-surface temperature (SST) estimates spanning the past 1 million years from a latitudinal transect of four deep ocean drilling sites. We conclude that: 1. the effect of the New Zealand landmass was to deflect the water masses south around the bathymetric impediments; 2. the effect of a shallow submerged ridge on the down-current side (Chatham Rise), was to dynamically trap the STF along its crest, in stark contrast to the usual glacial–interglacial (G–I) meridional migration that occurs in the open ocean; 3. the effect of more deeply submerged, downstream plateaux (Campbell, Bounty) was to dynamically trap the SAF along its steep southeastern margin; 4. the effects of saddles across the submarine plateaux was to facilitate the development of jets of subtropical and subantarctic surface water through the fronts, forming localized downstream gyres or eddies during different phases in the G–I climate cycles; 5. the deep Pukaki Saddle across the Campbell-Bounty Plateaux guided a branch of the SAF to flow northwards during each glacial, to form a strong gyre of circumpolar surface water in the Bounty Trough, especially during the mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition (MIS 22-16) when exceptionally high SST gradients existed across the STF; 6. the shallower Mernoo Saddle, at the western end of the Chatham Rise, provided a conduit for subtropical water to jet southwards across the STF in the warmest interglacial peaks (MIS 11, 5.5) and for subantarctic water to flow northwards during glacials; 7. although subtropical or subantarctic drivers can prevail at a particular phase of a G–I cycles, it appears that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the main influence on the regional hydrography.Thus complex submarine topography can affect distinct differences in the climate records over short distances with implications for using such records in interpreting global or regional trends. Conversely, the local topography can amplify the paleoclimate record in different ways in different places, thus enhancing its value for the study of more minor paleoceanographic influences that elsewhere are more difficult to detect. Such sites include DSDP 594, which like some other Southern Ocean sites, has the typical late Pleistocene asymmetrical saw-tooth G–I climate pattern transformed to a gap-tooth pattern of quasi-symmetrical interglacial spikes that interrupt extended periods of minimum glacial temperatures.     

Geochemical composition of inner shelf Quaternary sediments in the northern South China Sea with implications for provenance discrimination and paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Sediment samples were collected from a borehole in the northern South China Sea with the depositional age back to 400 ka BP, for grain size and geochemical analyses to constrain the sediment provenance and paleoenvironmental variability. Geochemical indices of Th/Sc, Ti/Nb and Th/Nb ratios suggest that the Zhujiang (Pearl River) was the main provenance of the inner shelf sediments of Hong Kong deposited during interglacial periods, whereas the locally-derived granitoids contributed significantly to the exposed inner shelf through the incision of local streams during glacial periods. Furthermore, the influence of the Zhujiang-derived sediments on the inner shelf of Hong Kong varied spatially and temporally with different sea-level changes during the past 400 kyr. Chemical weathering indices suggest hot and wet climate conditions were dominant in South China during interglacial periods of marine isotope stages (MIS) 7, 9 and 11 whereas a dry and cold paleoclimate prevailed during glacial periods of MIS 6 which accounts for weak chemical weathering and coarse-grained deposition on the inner shelf. The Holocene and last interglacial period did not see more intense chemical weathering in the Zhujiang drainage basin than other interglacial periods. Although the high resolution paleoenvironmental changes can not be easily reconstructed due to ubiquitous unconformity in the sedimentary strata and weak age controls compared to the deep sea sedimentation, the present study sheds new lights on the understanding of the transport process of the Zhujiang sediment in the deep ocean and provides a teleconnection of East Asian palaeomonsoon activity between South China, the inland and open sea areas.     

An integrated field and numerical modelling study of controls on Late Quaternary fluvial landscape development (Tabernas,southeast Spain)

The variability of Quaternary landforms preserved in the Tabernas basin of southeast (SE) Spain raises numerous questions concerning the roles of external forcing mechanisms (e.g. tectonics and/or climate) and internal landscape properties (e.g. lithological controls) in the evolution of the basin‐wide fluvial system over Late Quaternary timescales. In this study, we apply the FLUVER2 numerical model to investigate the significance of these landscape controls upon patterns of landscape evolution. We highlight the complications of generating realistic input datasets for use in the modelling of long‐term landscape evolution (e.g. discharge and runoff datasets). Model outputs are compared to extensive field mapping of fluvial terraces, their sedimentary architecture and optically stimulated luminescence dating results of the terraces. The results demonstrate the significance of non‐linear rates of flexural tectonic uplift towards the west of the Tabernas Basin which have controlled base levels throughout the Quaternary and promoted the formation of a series of diverging fluvial terraces. Our numerical model results further highlight the importance of climate cycles upon river terrace formation. Basin‐wide aggradation events were modelled during the transition from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 to 5 and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) as supported by field evidence. This aggradational pattern supports the regional hypothesis of terrace formation during global glacial cycles and cold‐to‐warm stage transitions and supports the use of sea surface temperature climate proxy data in the modelling exercise. The availability of sediments derived from the surrounding hillslopes and adjacent alluvial fans explains the generation of substantial terrace aggradations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

安徽宣城更新世红土正构烷烃分布特征及其古植被意义

利用气相色谱一质谱联用仪(GC-MS)在安徽宣城更新世红土中检测出了微量的分子化石,包括正构烷烃、一元正脂肪酸、一元正脂肪醇以及α-正构脂肪酮等．正构烷烃的分布型式表明其来源于低等菌藻类生物和陆生高等植物,其中高碳数正构烷烃主要以C29为主峰,显示流域中的植被类型以木本植物为主;(C27 C29)／(C31 C33)比值的变化反映出,在以木本植物占优势的背景下,流域中草本植物的相对比例也发生了多次变化．这一比值在本剖面上表现出多阶段的变化．而且这种变化与岩性、粒度变化密切相关,反映出这些参数可能还蕴涵着古气候信息．