Three-dimensional sedimentary architecture of Quaternary sand and gravel resources: a case study of economic sedimentology (SW Germany)

Quaternary sands and gravels form important, yet often highly heterogeneous economic deposits. Detailed 3-D analysis of the sedimentary structure and stratigraphy of these deposits allows for an accurate estimation of exploitable material. This paper presents a case study in SW Germany reconstructing the 3-D distribution of glacial sediments based on a high-resolution, process-orientated sedimentary facies classification and lithostratigraphy integrated within the geo-modelling package gOcad. Situated along the maximal ice-extent of the Rhine glacier during the last glaciation, the study area is characterised by a morphologically prominent terminal moraine and its associated sandur, which form the stratigraphically youngest sediments of a glacial basin, partially exposed in two gravel pits. These outcrops helped to reconstruct the complex sedimentary architecture of the northern part of the glacial basin. The regional analysis is based on core data, as well as geoelectric and geomagnetic surveys. All data were integrated into km-scale, high-resolution geological 3-D models, depicting the large-scale dynamics of multiple glacier advances and retreats during the Early to Late Pleistocene. These models allow quantifying the thickness and volume distribution of exploitable sandy gravel and help to evaluate the occurrence of non-exploitable interbedded diamicton horizons. The high quality and quantity of gravels particularly north of the terminal moraine classifies the investigated area as very prospective for raw materials exploitation in the future.     

北京石花洞第四纪钟乳石剖面的年代学研究

北京石花洞位于房山花岗岩体边缘向形带的东北扬起端,与北京猿人遗址南北相望。地层为460Ma前形成的中奥陶统马家沟组石灰岩,洞穴大形态从25Ma前的上新世开始形成,洞内钟乳石从0.37Ma前的中更新世开始形成。在中国岩溶洞穴中,北京石花洞的层数最多,洞穴钟乳石种类齐全,裂隙渗透水沉积的石盾多、体积大,滴水沉积的石笋叠置关系明显,池水沉积的月奶石发育好,全新世石笋微层理发育清晰。该洞的大形态反映了北京西山新构造运动的期次,可以同华北地文期和永定河阶地对比,洞内钟乳石记录了中更新世以来北京西山古环境的变化,可以建立第四纪剖面,与周口店洞穴群碎屑沉积物剖面进行对比。钙板的铀系年龄为334.99～366.74ka,可定名钙板组。粗犷石笋的铀系年龄为169～235ka,粗犷石笋的电子自旋共振年龄为130～518ka,为中更新世沉积,可定名云水洞组。杆状石笋的铀系年龄为14.9±2.1～100.3±11.1ka,为晚更新世沉积,可定名石花洞组。在全新世石笋中,微层与微层之间存在厚约1μm的条带状纹线,是划分微层层数的标志,具有微层理的石笋14C年龄为为0.58～2.50ka,AMS14C年龄为为130±100～670±130a,可定名守备支洞组。     

基于Quaternary编码的球面三角格网邻近搜索算法

分析了球面Quaternary编码的特点，给出了三角格网方向判断的规则，并对该算法与Bartholdi邻近搜索算法的时间复杂度进行了对比。结果表明，分解算法的平均时间耗时量约是Bartholdi邻近搜索算法的23．66％。     

Mineral magnetic study of Late Quaternary South Caspian Sea sediments: palaeoenvironmental implications

Magnetic properties of sediments from a core (10 m long) in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea have been investigated. Varying concentrations of greigite (Fe₃S₄) dominate the magnetic fraction in Late Pleistocene sediments. The synsedimentary formation of greigite indicates that the Late Pleistocene Caspian Sea was a brackish or fresh-water, poorly ventilated basin and suggests a water level higher than at the present. The variation in magnetic parameters, with the detrital magnetite-bearing fraction remaining constant, is interpreted in terms of greigite grain-size variation and related to the slight variation in water salinity. The Holocene sediments are characterized by detrital magnetite. This indicates better ventilation of the basin and suggests lower water levels than in the Late Pleistocene. The gradual change in magnetic properties of the sediments between 90 and ≈60 cm depth, with decreasing quantities of greigite, indicates stepwise establishment of oxic conditions in the Holocene.     

中国西北地区第四纪盐湖沉积中钙质超微化石的发现及其古环境意义

报导了中国西北地区的甘肃、青海、新疆等地陆相第四纪盐湖沉积中发现的钙质超微化石,它们主要是：Ｇｅｐｈｙｒｏｃａｐｓａｏｃｅａｎｉｃａ,Ｃｏｃｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｐｅｌａｇｉｃｕｓ,Ｃａｌｃｉｄｉｓｃｕｓｌｅｐｔｏｐｏｒｕｓ,Ｃ．ｍａｃｉｎｔｙｒｅｉ,Ｒｅｔｉｃｕｌｏｆｅｎｅｓｔｒａｍｉｎｕｔｕｌａ等。上述钙质超微化石群具有以下特征：（１）化石丰度中等,属、种分异度低,化石保存差;（２）赋存化石的层位均为富含石膏盐层的微咸水咸水的沉积物,或为盐湖沉积;（３）产出化石地点远距该地质时期时的古海岸线。它们与古海域既无通道相连,亦非残留海。中国西北地区盐湖沉积中钙质超微化石的发现说明了中国东部地区第三纪沙河街组某些层位中的钙质超微化石不能作为“海相生物”的标志,否定了这些化石层位与“海侵”或“海泛”的关联。     

川西南雷波地区第四纪地质研究

根据岩石地层学、地貌地层学特征及年代学依据,划分了川西南雷波地区第四纪不同时期的洞外地层,并确定了其沉积类型,建立了第四纪地层系统;在此基础上讨论了本区第四纪环境的演化过程,为研究、评价第四纪岩溶发育规律及其对工程的影响,提供了第四纪不同时段的古环境背景资料。     

六盘山东麓活动逆断裂构造带晚第四纪以来的活动特征

新的野外调查研究结果表明,六盘山东麓断裂是一条第四纪以来的活动逆断裂构造带。根据断裂走向、活动时代及活动性质的变化,可把该断裂带分为北、中、南３段。北段以左旋走滑运动为主,中、南段以倾向逆冲运动为特征。活动时代北新南老,水平位错北强南弱。晚第四纪以来断裂活动特征的这种变化与西华山 六盘山条形地块东向滑移受阻及断裂走向的改变有关     

内蒙古达拉特旗平原区第四纪沉积环境及找水方向研究

通过大量的植物孢粉、Ｃ１４、水土样等样品的取样测试,分析了黄河断陷盆地的形成与发展,重点研究了达拉特旗平原区主要供水目的层—第四纪地层的沉积环境,结合其它勘察手段取得的成果,指出找水方向应为罕台川以西山前地带承压水及罕台川冲、洪积扇与黄河近岸潜水最为理想。     

Constraining Holocene sea‐surface conditions in the south‐western Black Sea using dinoflagellate cysts

This paper presents two dinoflagellate cyst records from the south‐western shelf of the Black Sea. A new site, MAR05‐13, from the Sakarya shelf is described and placed into context with site MAR02‐45, ～250 km distant on the Thracian shelf. The records provide a centennial resolution of surface water conditions in the Holocene. Analysis of the data suggests that the surface salinity of the south‐western shelf increased in a gradual and progressive manner. In the period ～11 000–9000 cal a BP the assemblages suggest surface‐water salinities between 7–13 psu. The initial arrival of euryhaline species, ～8100 cal a BP, is linked to the reconnection of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea. The suggested surface water changes related to the reconnection took approximately 1000 years. Following this initial change in assemblages, a further increase in the number of euryhaline species is noted between 5000 and 4000 cal a BP. This is linked to the establishment of more saline surface‐water conditions, close to present‐day values. The record for MAR05‐13 highlights the complexity of the changes in cyst assemblages during the mid‐Holocene. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.