Modelling Feedback of Chemical Reactions on Flow Fields in Hydrothermal Systems

Coupled reactive transport models of hydrothermal systems provide new insights and deeper understanding of the processes occurring due to fluid flow, heat transfer, solute transport, and chemical reactions. Basic concepts of species transport (diffusion, dispersion, and advection) and chemical precipitation and dissolution reactions are discussed, and five end-member types of reactive transport environments are introduced. One of these reactive transport environments, named ‘reactions within thermal gradients’, is used to demonstrate how free thermal convection can lead to redeposition of minerals and, due to the feedback of reaction on the flow field, a change of the convection pattern. The direct consequence of changing the flow field is a significant variation of the temperature distribution within the modelled area. With the example it is shown how reactive transport simulation can be applied for the detailed study of fossil and recent hydrothermal systems.     

OSL quartz age underestimation due to unstable signal components

When measuring samples from southern Peru, we discovered an age offset between feldspar infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages. This age offset was not only found in these particular samples but was also observed in samples from a range of geographical localities. Extensive analysis revealed that it is actually the quartz age that underestimates the true depositional age, and this is due to a very weak fast component combined with other thermally unstable OSL signal components. We discuss properties of these poorly behaving samples and how to detect such samples prior to the OSL single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) measurement. Finally, existing approaches to improve equivalent dose (D_e) determination are discussed for samples from southern Peru.     

石英丝弹性元件的研究与制作

本文介绍了烧焊熔凝石英的实验设备,拉制及焊接石英丝、石英弹簧等元件的技术。同时,还简要介绍了熔凝石英的物理、化学特性和应用情况。     

石英热释光——沉积盆地热史研究中另一种潜在的古温标

具有良好重现性的石英热释光信号除了用于近地表的考古及地质事件定年以外,还能反映一定地质时间范围内的环境温度变化规律.本文利用砂岩中石英矿物的热释光信号,采用传统热释光分析和等温热释光方法,以东营凹陷中央背斜带钻孔岩芯为例,探讨对沉积盆地热体制信息的指示意义.研究表明：（1）钻孔中不同埋深位置的石英矿物,其自然热释光发光曲线有规律变化,与所对应的环境地层温度以及热释光发光动力学相符,即随着沉积地层埋深增加、埋藏温度上升与埋藏时间加大,其热释光发光曲线整体向高温方向移动,而发光强度明显减小;（2）石英热释光多片增加分析方法以及等温热释光分析方法所获得的表征年龄彼此印证,通过表征年龄的换算,定性或半定量获得描述沉积盆地热演化史的环境古温度变化的一个等效参数——表征温度,该表征温度能够表征沉积盆地一定地层范围内,一段埋藏历史的古温度变化历史.石英热释光信号是沉积盆地热史分析中一种潜在的古温标,对于石英热释光表征年龄与表征温度地质意义的诠释,仍需要更多的研究事例加以佐证.     

On the influence of the grain size distribution curve on P-wave velocity,constrained elastic modulus Mmax and Poisson's ratio of quartz sands

The paper presents an experimental study on the influence of the grain size distribution curve on dynamic soil properties. More than 160 resonant column tests with additional P-wave measurements have been performed on 27 different grain size distribution curves of a quartz sand. While the small-strain shear modulus G_max has been discussed by Wichtmann and Triantafyllidis [1] the present paper focusses on P-wave velocity v_P, on the small-strain constrained elastic modulus M_max and on Poisson's ratio ν$\nu$. It is demonstrated that while v_P and M_max do not significantly depend on mean grain size d₅₀ in the investigated range, they decrease with increasing coefficient of uniformity C_u=d₆₀/d₁₀ of the grain size distribution curve. Poisson's ratio does also not depend on d₅₀ but increases with increasing C_u. An empirical formula similar to Hardin's equation has been developed for M_max, considering the influence of the grain size distribution curve. It predicts quite well the experimental data.     

Quartz OSL sensitivity from dating data for provenance analysis of pleistocene and holocene fluvial sediments from lowland Amazonia

The properties of the quartz luminescence signal have been shown to be a useful tool for sediment provenance analysis. These provenance studies are based on the sensitivity of the fast optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) component, which is also used for sediment dating. Besides the widespread occurrence of quartz in terrigenous sediments, OSL sensitivity can be acquired using relatively fast and low-cost measurements compared to sediment provenance analysis methods based on accessory minerals or isotopes. Additionally, laboratories worldwide already have an extensive database of recorded quartz OSL signals primarily measured for dating studies, and these data could potentially be repurposed for provenance analysis of Quaternary sedimentary systems through OSL sensitivity calculation. Here, we investigate the use of OSL quartz signals measured in sediment dating surveys for OSL sensitivity calculation and evaluation of changes in sediment sources. The OSL sensitivity was calculated and expressed as %BOSL_F, which corresponds to the percentage of the fast OSL component signal (blue stimulation) to the total OSL curve; such approach is advantageous as it does not require any normalisation of the measured signal intensity to dose or aliquot size (weight). Three sets of samples from Amazonian fluvial sediments are investigated: two sets of Holocene floodplain sediments representing different sediment sources to the Amazonian fluvial system, i.e. the Amazon craton and the Andes Mountain belt, and a set of samples from the Içá Formation, a paleo-fluvial system active during the Pleistocene whose provenance is not fully known. Results show that the quartz OSL signal derived from the first test doses (T_n) applied in dating protocols had the best performance for %BOSL_F calculation when compared to results from a measurement protocol designed specifically for sediment provenance analysis. There is significant correlation (R² = 88) between sensitivities derived from T_n and a specific OSL provenance analysis protocol. The proposed approach indicates to be appropriate for sediment provenance analysis since it is able to discriminate signal differences among samples from known sources: Brazilian cratonic quartz yield high sensitivity values (mean %BOSL_F >70), in contrast to the relatively lower values from Andean quartz (mean %BOSL_F <50). In general, quartz OSL sensitivities from the Içá Formation samples fall into the same range of modern sediments transported by the Içá and Japurá rivers draining the Andean Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Ecuador. We also observe a decrease in quartz OSL sensitivity during the Holocene, notably after 4 ka, with younger deposits showing lower sensitivity. Sediment provenance variations are discussed in terms of watershed rearrangement and/or precipitation-driven changes during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene across Amazonia.     

太湖地区砂岩中石英变形特征：太湖冲击假说探讨

       太湖冲击成因假说作为众多太湖成因说之一,于20 多年前被提出至2009 年的再次复兴,颇受争议。本文从冲击的关 键证据之一石英变形特征入手,以新的实证研究重新审视前人的工作,并对太湖冲击假说展开探讨。主要通过光学显微镜 观察太湖地区泥盆系砂岩中石英受应力而致的不均匀消光、碎裂、变形纹等变形特征;利用费氏台测量石英变形纹的定向 特征,研究薄片中大量的人字形微裂隙现象;同时对比分析了九江地区同类砂岩及太湖地区菱铁矿结核体中石英碎屑的变 形特征。研究显示太湖地区砂岩中发育的石英变形纹并非典型的击变页理纹（PDF）, 石英变形特征主要为较低应力下的变 形特征,其成因具有多解性。因此太湖冲击成因假说以及太湖的形成机制值得多角度进一步研究。     

试谈黔东南天锦黎地区石英脉型金矿的成矿作用过程

黔东南地区石英脉型金矿找矿勘查难获突破,甚至关于成矿作用过程的研究也有待深入,本文根据《中国区域地质矿产志·贵州卷·金矿》编撰过程中所掌握的各类资料文献,结合近些年关于金的成矿作用思考和地质观察,尤其是天柱金井金矿"纯净"石英脉明金似层状成矿、黎平三什江金矿(含金)石英脉白云石"层状"条带构造特征现象,以及天柱扒草金矿顺层(含金)石英脉稀土元素及微量元素对称性分布的地球化学分析等表明,黔东南地区石英脉型金矿并非传统认识的沉淀沉积成矿,而应为载体石英脉挂壁结晶生长、自然金粘附成矿的结果,其过程首先进行的是含矿热液混浊期成矿,形成主要产于暗色杂质条带的细粒明金成矿及其富矿金包和"狗头金"等,然后才是含矿热液干净期成矿,形成比较厚大的纯净石英脉及其中似层状明金成矿。     

腾冲台水平摆在中强以上地震前异常特征分析

以腾冲台水平摆资料分析了近年来滇西地区范围内发生的中强以上地震,发现震前资料出现了反映地震孕育过程的异常变化,重点对该地区中强震前短临异常的变化特征进行探讨,为使用腾冲台水平摆资料进行识别以及捕捉地震短临异常,预测地震提供参考依据。