内蒙古北山地区斑岩型钼矿的成岩成矿时代和形成环境探讨

内蒙古北山地区近年来发现了一条近东西向的斑岩型钼(铜)矿带,其中规模较大的矿床有流沙山、额勒根乌兰乌拉和小狐狸山钼矿,这3个矿床的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线测年分别为(260±10) Ma(中二叠世)、(332.0±9.0) Ma(早石炭世晚期)和(220.0±2.2) Ma(晚三叠世),显然,不同的成矿时代,反映了矿床形成的环境不同。本文在补充与成矿有关斑岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和岩石、矿石地球化学工作基础上,从区域地壳演化角度分别揭示了3个矿床形成的地质环境。在早古生代时期,3个矿床的原始位置均处于哈萨克斯坦板块中,到晚古生代,由于在红石山—百合山—蓬勃山一带裂谷发展成洋盆后,流沙山钼矿所处位置被割裂到塔里木板块中,额勒根乌兰乌拉和小狐狸山钼矿仍处于哈萨克斯坦板块中,其中,流沙山和额勒根乌兰乌拉钼矿床均处于南、北陆缘活动带的岛弧中,由于俯冲机制及下伏基底的差别,二岛弧中的构造岩浆活动有所不同,塔里木北缘活动陆缘带中的岩浆活动异常强烈,从石炭纪一直延续到二叠纪末,成矿作用早期以铁为主,晚期形成了钼(铜)矿产。哈萨克斯坦板块南侧陆缘带的岩浆活动稍逊于塔里木板块北缘,而且主要集中于石炭纪,并在这种环境形成了额勒根乌兰乌拉钼矿。二叠纪末,北山地区分裂的板块又拼贴成统一的大板块,从此,北山地区进入到一个陆内地壳活动环境,拉伸-挤压构造和由此引发的偏酸-偏碱性的岩浆侵入活动成为中生代地壳活动特色方式,小狐狸山钼矿及稀有金属矿床就是在这种环境中产生的。     

东秦岭燕山期中酸性小岩体成矿规律

总结了东秦岭钼矿带中与中酸性小岩体有关的斑岩-矽卡岩型钼矿床地质特征;对其成矿时空分布、成矿特征以及成矿物质来源进行讨论,归纳其规律性;通过分析大岩基与中酸性小岩体的主量、微量元素数据及形成年龄,探讨二者的关系。结果表明:东秦岭与岩浆作用有关的钼矿床形成时间可分为141~156、110~138Ma两个阶段;第一阶段形成的矿床主要集中在东秦岭南部,第二阶段主要集中在东秦岭北部;矿床成矿年龄由西至东、由南至北总体上具有逐渐变新的趋势;钼矿床具有成群成带、分段集中展布的特点,并且这些集中段之间的距离基本相等;成矿岩体的岩浆演化系列对矿化元素组合有一定的控制作用,具体表现为岩浆酸性越强,钼成矿越有利;微量元素及同位素资料显示成矿物质主要来源于地壳,地幔物质作用并不明显;大岩基与小岩体有成因联系,系同源岩浆演化的产物,大岩基为小岩体提供了充足热量与物质来源,从而出现小岩体成矿的现象。     

新疆包古图斑岩铜矿中性复式岩体的同化混染作用

包古图斑岩铜矿位于新疆西准噶尔地区东南部,是一大中型斑岩铜矿床,赋存于包古图中性复式岩体中。包古图中性复式岩体是由早期闪长岩株和晚期闪长玢岩脉组成,以前者为主;该岩体侵位于下石炭统包古图组酸性火山-沉积岩中。对包古图闪长岩株及其围岩进行岩相学、岩石主量和微量元素地球化学及Sm-Nd同位素地球化学等方面进行研究。结果表明:闪长岩株由(石英)闪长岩(含少量辉长岩)、似斑状(石英)闪长岩及少量斜长花岗斑岩组成;其岩石是由偏基性的中性岩浆结晶(分异)作用及岩浆与酸性围岩同化混染作用形成的。同化混染作用的程度不同,则形成不同的岩石:①岩浆直接结晶作用形成辉长岩;②岩浆结晶(分异)作用和少量同化混染作用形成(石英)闪长岩和似斑状(石英)闪长岩;③强烈的同化混染作用形成斜长花岗斑岩,斑岩基质主要由混入岩浆的围岩细碎屑经重结晶作用形成,斑晶是晚于基质结晶的"晚生斑晶"。总之,岩浆与围岩的同化混染作用是包古图岩体的重要成岩作用。     

Application of Landsat-8 and ASTER satellite remote sensing data for porphyry copper exploration: a case study from Shahr-e-Babak,Kerman, south of Iran

Abstract

The Shahr-e-Babak region located in the Kerman metallogenic belt is one of the high potential segments of Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc for porphyry copper and epithermal gold mineralization in the south of Iran. This high potential zone encompasses several porphyry copper deposits under exploitation, development and exploration stages. The aim of this study is to evaluate Landsat-8 data and comparison with the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data-sets for mapping hydrothermal alteration zones related to Cenozoic magmatic intrusions in Shahr-e-Babak region. Previous studies have proven the robust application of ASTER in lithological mapping and mineral exploration; nonetheless, the Landsat-8 data have high capability to map and detect hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper and epithermal gold mineralization. In this investigation, several band combinations and multiplications, developed selective principal component analysis and image transformations were developed for discriminating hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper mineralization using Landsat-8 data.     

Optical dating of sediments in Wadi Sabra (SW Jordan)

At Wadi Sabra (SW Jordan) human occupation dates back to the Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic. Although there is stratigraphic correlation based on archaeological finds of Ahmarian origin, numerical age estimates are lacking. We applied single-aliquot optical dating of coarse grained quartz of wadi deposits and investigated the luminescence properties in detail to achieve more accurate age information about the time of human occupation. Weak luminescence signals and scattered dose distributions characterise the multi-grain aliquots. The residual doses of the investigated modern wadi sediment are between 0 and 7 Gy. Moreover, comparison of equivalent dose (De) values of 1 mm and 8 mm aliquots shows higher equivalent doses for the large aliquots. Both experiments indicate that the luminescence signal is partially bleached prior to deposition. The dose distributions of all samples are broadly scattered and have overdispersion values between 25 and 43%, some samples are significantly skewed. The shape of the dose distributions points to other sources of scatter, in addition to partial bleaching. Comparison of 1 mm multi-grain and single-grain data demonstrates that the luminescence signal of one multi-grain aliquot most likely is from a single grain. For this reason, variation in the number of photon counts due to the weak luminescence intensity and variations in beta microdosimetry have a bigger impact on the spread of dose distributions. However, we cannot quantify the particular impact of partial bleaching, weak luminescence intensity and beta microdosimetry. To account for the spread of the dose distribution, we use the central age model to calculate equivalent doses. Age calculations yield results in the range of 30–48 ka.     

河南省罗山县陡坡花岗斑岩型钼矿床地质特征及成因探讨

陡坡钼矿床是一新发现的中型钼矿床,该矿床赋存于早白垩世灵山超单元岩体与围岩的接触带内侧,矿化类型主要为细脉浸染状。矿床中金属矿物主要为黄铜矿、辉钼矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿,次为磁黄铁矿、斑铜矿等。灵山超单元花岗岩岩石类型属高硅富碱钙碱性(偏碱性)系列,SiO2含量72～77%,K2O+Na2O总量大于7.9%,K2O/Na2O大于1。矿床的围岩蚀变叠加组合主要为硅化——钾长石化——黄铁矿化组合、硅化——绿泥石化——黄铁矿化组合。该矿床属中高温热液斑岩型钼矿床,结合岩浆岩特征,成矿作用于与岩体关系密切,并可能受幔源岩浆混合作用的影响。     

Age comparison by luminescence using quartz and feldspar on core HPQK01 from the Pearl River delta in China

Reliable chronology is critical for reconstructing estuarine delta process. In this study, detailed chronological framework has been performed on a core HPQK01 (52 m in depth) from the central Pearl River delta (PRD) of China. Both quartz OSL and feldspar post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) methods for late Pleistocene sediments, as well as radiocarbon dating for Holocene sediments, were applied to date the core. Results show that quartz OSL ages range from 125 ± 18 ka to 58 ± 6 ka, and that all of them were minimum ages due to the OSL signal saturation. Feldspar pIR₂₀₀IR₂₉₀ protocol shows some overestimation in dose recovery test, with the recovered to the given ratio of 1.2, while a ratio of around 1 was obtained for feldspar pIR₅₀IR₂₅₀ signals. Robust ages have been obtained from feldspar fading corrected pIR₅₀IR₂₅₀ dating with ages ranging from 150 ± 17 ka to 98 ± 12 ka. AMS ¹⁴C results suggest that subtidal-intertidal zone was deposited during the middle Holocene from 8.21 ± 0.19 cal ka BP to 4.99 ± 0.25 cal ka BP. The sedimentology of core HPQK01 record two marine transgressive-regressive cycles. Based on the dating results, the lower fluvial sediment unit (T2) could be correlated to marine isotope stage (MIS) 6, and the lower marine unit (M2) was deposited during MIS 5. A sedimentary hiatus occurred with age range of from MIS 4 to MIS 2. Since middle Holocene, another marine stratum (M1) has been accumulated. Overall, our findings suggest that feldspar pIRIR dating method has the potential to establish the Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework of the PRD for samples with ages within 150 ka.     

Testing single-grain quartz OSL methods using sediment samples with independent age control from the Bordes-Fitte rockshelter (Roches d'Abilly site,Central France)

We present quartz single-grain dose distributions for four well-bleached and unmixed sediment samples with independent age control (22–48 ka), from the archaeologically important Bordes-Fitte rockshelter at Roches d'Abilly, France. This site has previously been dated using ¹⁴C AMS dating and standard multi-grain OSL dating using both quartz and feldspar. The effect of rejection criteria usually employed in single-grain dating on dose and over-dispersion is tested using both laboratory irradiated samples and natural samples. It is shown that had these samples been analysed in the absence of other age control, standard modelling decisions based on the shape of single-grain dose distributions would have led to significant misinterpretation of results and a corresponding >40% underestimation in age. If we instead ignore this standard decision process and apply weighted average and mixing models then the most likely results deviate from the expected ages by >10%. Finally, we show that by careful consideration of the luminescence characteristics of individual grains, we are able to obtain good agreement with the independent age control by applying alternative rejection criteria but this is at the cost of reducing the accepted grain population by more than an order of magnitude, with the corresponding inevitable decrease in precision.     

Parallel calibration transfer and systematic effects in retrospective absorbed dose estimation using OSL

Parallel multiple aliquot calibration transfer is combined with the use of standardized optically stimulated luminescence signals and evaluation of single aliquot regenerative dose response characteristics, to produce a robust and efficient transfer protocol for mineral samples used in dating and retrospective dosimetry. Transfer was made from an IST-LPSR ⁶⁰Co primary air kerma standard to four Risø and Daybreak ⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y irradiators, for quartz or polymineral grains of 90/100–160 μm or 160–250 μm diameter from seven samples. Grains were pretreated by activation, heating, or bleaching, and mounted on 0.5 mm thick aluminium or stainless steel disks, or 0.25 mm thick stainless steel cups. Multiple aliquot conversion coefficients based on parallel irradiations (mGy_60Co per s of ⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y exposure) were corrected for non linearity in dose response using the regenerative measurements, and compared with “single aliquot” coefficients obtained directly from the regenerative, i.e. retrospectively measured, dose responses. Ratios of measured/given β exposure time provide controls: these were close to unity for activated and heated material, which exhibited predose sensitization, and vice versa for optically bleached samples. Parallel multiple aliquot calibration transfer, using OSL integrated over the main signal decay, was found to offer better accuracy and precision than retrospective single aliquot measurements, and was robust for polyminerals as well as quartz. Differences in conversion coefficient between grain-sizes and supports on a given irradiator ranged up to 25% and were specific to the irradiator-support-grainsize permutation. Geometric effects are quantitatively explained by the solid angle subtended at the source by the sample, and the effect of support material (and thickness) by differences in electron backscatter.     

西藏波龙斑岩铜金矿床成矿流体物理化学条件

应用英国Linkam THNSG600型冷热台测试和前人的经验公式,对西藏波龙斑岩铜金矿床在岩浆晚期、磁铁矿-辉钼矿阶段、黄铜矿-黄铁矿阶段和硬石膏-黄铁矿阶段等4个成矿阶段利于主成矿元素Cu迁移的流体包裹体的一般特征及物理化学条件进行研究。研究结果表明,该矿床流体包裹体类型以含石盐和硫化物子矿物的三相包裹体为主,为高温（232~549 ℃）、低压（1.40×105~234.41×105 Pa）、高盐度（NaCl质量分数28.65%~52.16%）、中—高密度（1.0683~1.1598 g/cm3）的流体;随着成矿进程的发展,各阶段流体逸度和活度均逐渐降低,pH值和Eh值逐渐升高,铜主要以Cu（H₂S）（HS）₂-形式存在,说明Cu在高温酸性流体中易成矿。