ROCKS & MINERALS DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS

正20141456 Chen Juan(Laboratory of High Temperature and High Pressure Study of the Earth’s Interior,Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guiyang550002,China);Tang Hongfeng Progress in Analytical Methods of Tungsten Isotope and Experimental Research on Digestion of Whole     

图形分形理论在沙漠化定量研究中的应用

以Mandelbrot的分形理论为基础,较详细地推算了图形面积与周长的分数维公式,并以农牧交错带典型沙漠化区内蒙古奈曼旗尧勒甸子村沙区土壤图为例,对沙漠化的现状及发展趋势进行了分数维分析,得到了较好的效果,认为该理论在沙漠化定量研究中具有很大的应用潜力。     

太平洋CC区沉积物陆源物质时空分布与大气环流的关系

在玉平洋ＣＣ区沉积物陆源组分定量分离基础之上,研究陆源物质时空分布规律与大气环流的关系。     

ETM+(TM)蚀变遥感异常提取方法研究与应用——方法选择和技术流程

从原理、模型试验及实际数据处理等方面分析对比了比值法、光谱角法及主分量分析法的优劣;选择了以主分量分析为主、光谱角法为辅进行蚀变遥感异常的提取;引用了误差理论某些基本概念,以标准离差σ作为遥感异常切割的尺度;建立了"去干扰异常主分量门限化技术流程"。以西藏驱龙—甲马蚀变遥感异常群为例,展示了此技术的效果,并与高光谱研究结果进行了比较。     

Spatial distribution of block falls using volumetric GIS–decision-tree models

Block falls are considered a significant aspect of surficial instability contributing to losses in land and socio-economic aspects through their damaging effects to natural and human environments. This paper predicts and maps the geographic distribution and volumes of block falls in central Lebanon using remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and decision-tree modeling (un-pruned and pruned trees). Eleven terrain parameters (lithology, proximity to fault line, karst type, soil type, distance to drainage line, elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, slope curvature, land cover/use, and proximity to roads) were generated to statistically explain the occurrence of block falls. The latter were discriminated using SPOT4 satellite imageries, and their dimensions were determined during field surveys. The un-pruned tree model based on all considered parameters explained 86% of the variability in field block fall measurements. Once pruned, it classifies 50% in block falls’ volumes by selecting just four parameters (lithology, slope gradient, soil type, and land cover/use). Both tree models (un-pruned and pruned) were converted to quantitative 1:50,000 block falls’ maps with different classes; starting from Nil (no block falls) to more than 4000 m³. These maps are fairly matching with coincidence value equal to 45%; however, both can be used to prioritize the choice of specific zones for further measurement and modeling, as well as for land-use management. The proposed tree models are relatively simple, and may also be applied to other areas (i.e. the choice of un-pruned or pruned model is related to the availability of terrain parameters in a given area).     

CO2 saturation estimates at Sleipner (North Sea) from seismic tomography and rock physics inversion

CO₂ saturations are estimated at Sleipner using a two-step imaging workflow. The workflow combines seismic tomography (full-waveform inversion) and rock physics inversion and is applied to a two-dimensional seismic line located near the injection point at Sleipner. We use baseline data (1994 vintage, before CO₂ injection) and monitor data that was acquired after 12 years of CO₂ injection (2008 vintage). P-wave velocity models are generated using the Full waveform inversion technology and then, we invert selected rock physics parameters using an rock physics inversion methodology. Full waveform inversion provides high-resolution P-wave velocity models both for baseline and monitor data. The physical relations between rock physics properties and acoustic wave velocities in the Utsira unconsolidated sandstone (reservoir formation) are defined using a dynamic rock physics model based on well-known Biot–Gassmann theories. For data prior to injection, rock frame properties (porosity, bulk and shear dry moduli) are estimated using rock physics inversion that allows deriving physically consistent properties with related uncertainty. We show that the uncertainty related to limited input data (only P-wave velocity) is not an issue because the mean values of parameters are correct. These rock frame properties are then used as a priori constraint in the monitor case. For monitor data, the Full waveform inversion results show nicely resolved thin layers of CO₂–brine saturated sandstones under intra-reservoir shale layers. The CO₂ saturation estimation is carried out by plugging an effective fluid phase in the rock physics model. Calculating the effective fluid bulk modulus of the brine–CO₂ mixture (using Brie equation in our study) is shown to be the key factor to link P-wave velocity to CO₂ saturation. The inversion tests are done with several values of Brie/patchiness exponent and show that the CO₂ saturation estimates are varying between 0.30 and 0.90 depending on the rock physics model and the location in the reservoir. The uncertainty in CO₂ saturation estimation is usually lower than 0.20. When the patchiness exponent is considered as unknown, the inversion is less constrained and we end up with values of exponent varying between 5 and 20 and up to 33 in specific reservoir areas. These estimations tend to show that the CO₂–brine mixing is between uniform and patchy mixing and variable throughout the reservoir.     

计算机辅助药物设计中用于建模的计算方法研究进展

通过检索国内外相关领域的大量研究文献,并结合作者的研究经验,综述了计算机辅助药物设计中计算方法的发展及其应用的最新进展,并对计算方法的选用原则进行了探讨,以期为从事CADD工作者合理选择建模计算方法提供有价值的参考。     

Vertical distribution of bacteria and archaea in a CO2-rich meromictic lake: A case study of Lake Monoun

In order to assess the diversity and spatial distribution of bacterial and archaeal communities in a CO₂-rich and meromictic lake, samples were collected along the water column of Lake Monoun and analyzed using PCR-DGGE and quantitative analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. The retrieved sequences were affiliated to 6 bacterial phyla and two archaeal phyla which plausible environmental functions map with the physico-chemical parameters of the lake. Unclassified sequences were also detected. This suggests heterogeneity in community composition and existence of potential candidate divisions. For instance, amongst the bacterial sequences, 18.2% matched with methanotrophic bacteria of the order methylococcales and amongst the archaeal sequences, 16.6% matched with methanogenic species of the order methanomicrobiales. Hence, evidencing the existence of methane-related prokaryotes in the lake, a finding that would play a key role in our understanding of the methane puzzle of Lake Monoun. Other groups capable of a wide range of metal and nutrients transformations were also detected, as well as those of unknown functions. The layering of microbial communities also appeared to directly or indirectly depend on oxygen availability. DGGE and qPCR analyses both suggested a scarcity of archaea in the surface samples. Furthermore, qPCR revealed that bacteria were numerically more important than archaea in all the samples. The general distribution along the water column indicated that archaeal abundance increases with depth.     

瞬变电磁场资料的联合时-频分析解释

本文充分利用瞬变电磁（TEM）信号包含的信息,采用联合时-频分析方法解释了TEM资料。文章选取了Wigner-Ville分布和Gabor展开的联合时-频分布（或表示）,将一维时间域信号拓展到时-频二维平面上,不仅将不同地电断面的响应成功地分开来,而且所显示的信号特征与地层电性结构之间有着明确的物理意义,从时间和频率两个方面同时描述了瞬变涡流场在地层中的激发和衰减的过程。利用时间窗数据和频率窗数据所进行的联合时-频反演,缩小了拟合差,提高了定量解释精度。     

DECOVALEX Project: from 1992 to 2007

The DECOVALEX project is a unique international research collaboration, initiated in 1992, for advancing the understanding and mathematical modelling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) and thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes in geological systems—subjects of importance for performance assessment of radioactive waste repositories in geological formations. From 1992 up to 2007, the project has made important progress and played a key role in the development of numerical modelling of coupled processes in fractured rocks and buffer/backfill materials. The project has been conducted by research teams supported by a large number of radioactive-waste-management organizations and regulatory authorities, including those of Canada, China, Finland, France, Japan, Germany, Spain, Sweden, UK, and the USA. Through this project, in-depth knowledge has been gained of coupled THM and THMC processes associated with nuclear waste repositories, as well as numerical simulation models for their quantitative analysis. The knowledge accumulated from this project, in the form of a large number of research reports and international journal and conference papers in the open literature, has been applied effectively in the implementation and review of national radioactive-waste-management programmes in the participating countries. This paper presents an overview of the project.