西秦岭西成矿集区郭家沟超大型铅锌矿床成矿地质特征与控矿因素

郭家沟铅锌矿床位于甘肃省西成矿集区东端,是近年来在西秦岭新发现的超大型矿床,也是寻找厂坝式矿床的重大突破。该矿床的矿体主要赋存于中泥盆统安家岔组生物灰岩、硅化-铁白云石化灰岩以及千枚岩中,明显受层间断裂带的控制。由于其新发现不久,该矿床控矿因素和成因认识尚不清楚。文章在系统成矿地质特征观察的基础上,将成矿期次划分为沉积成矿期和热液成矿期,其中,热液成矿期包括:石英-闪锌矿-方铅矿-铁白云石(菱铁矿)阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-方铅矿-闪锌矿-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅱ)和方解石-硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)。在综合分析该矿床成矿过程与控矿因素的基础上,认为成矿受压扭性逆冲断层相关的断裂构造系统和褶皱构造变形带控制,硅化和铁镁碳酸盐化与铅锌矿化密切伴生,表现出热液交代蚀变矿化为主的特征,矿脉穿切矿区内的花岗岩墙,推测成矿作用发生在三叠纪或者更晚,后生热液成矿作用造成了铅锌的巨量富集。     

北秦岭双龙-夏馆地区大面积榴闪岩的发现及锆石U-Pb年代学研究

通过详细的野外地质调查,在北秦岭双龙-夏馆地区精确圈定出大面积榴闪岩,榴闪岩常以似层状、条带状、豆荚状和透镜状产于秦岭岩群郭庄岩组混合片麻岩内,空间上可划分三个带:南带与松树沟一带的麻粒岩构成一个较宽的高压-超高压变质带,北带则与官坡-双槐树一带的榴辉岩构成一线,而中带向西可能延伸至丹凤大寺沟一带。区内榴闪岩主体受秦岭岩群郭庄岩组的展布形态控制,呈面状遍布于整个郭庄岩组内,而非局限于某一侧或两侧,暗示秦岭岩群可能整体卷入早古生代的俯冲和碰撞作用。野外宏观特征、岩相学及锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明榴闪岩原岩为辉长岩,成岩年龄为654.1±5.6Ma、656.1±6.7Ma,获得峰期高压麻粒岩相变质年龄为472.9±6.0Ma、485.0±33.0Ma,其后分别在455.4±9.0Ma、416.7±1.9Ma和401.1±6.2Ma遭受了多期次退变作用的叠加。结合区域研究成果,初步认为北秦岭高压-超高压基性岩石的原岩至少存在于新元古代中期和晚期,其成岩时代分别与扬子地块北缘新元古代中、晚期的镁铁-超镁铁质岩床群一致,并具有相似的地球化学特征,而两者是否为同一大地构造背景下的同期侵位的产物,尚待进一步研究。     

甘肃天水黑沟金矿地质特征及找矿前景浅析

甘肃天水黑沟金矿床位于北秦岭、中秦岭构造带接合部位,属北秦岭柴家庄－庞家河金及多金属成矿带上;区域商丹深大断裂在矿区通过,是区内的重要导矿、导热构造,为成矿物质迁移富集提供了重要的条件;热液来源与印支期柴家庄二长花岗岩的侵入作用有关;矿床为较典型的中低温热液型矿床;从区域地质背景、矿区地质特征、含矿建造及深部钻探等多元信息综合分析,认为该矿区具有较好的找矿前景。     

西秦岭太阳山斑岩铜-钼矿床岩体氧逸度及成矿意义

甘肃天水三叠纪太阳山斑岩铜钼矿床位于西秦岭造山带东段。矿体主要赋存于石英闪长斑岩、二长斑岩、石英二长斑岩和泥盆系大草滩群。氧逸度是表征岩石物理化学性质的重要参数,对岩浆热液成矿具有明显的控制作用。在综合评述常用氧逸度计算方法及适用性的前提下,文中应用激光剥蚀等离子质谱分析方法对太阳山矿床含矿岩体锆石微量元素进行测定,选用含量较高的Sm、Nd进行Ce异常计算,查明含矿斑岩岩浆氧逸度,探讨其成矿意义。太阳山矿床岩浆氧逸度计算结果表明,太阳山成矿二长斑岩和石英二长斑岩相对氧逸度ΔFMQ分别为+3.04和+3.15,成矿前石英闪长斑岩相对氧逸度ΔFMQ为-1.83,成矿岩体氧逸度明显高于成矿前岩体。成矿岩体岩浆氧逸度高于成矿前岩体的原因可能与富集地幔有关。富集岩石圈地幔的加入,带来了大量的硫和金属铜,并提高了岩浆氧逸度。     

Snowmelt characteristics in a pristine mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek,Slovakia, over the last three decades

The Jalovecký Creek catchment, Slovakia (area 22.2 km², mean elevation 1500 m a.s.l.), is likely the last big valley complex in the Carpathian Mountains, in which the hydrological cycle is still governed by natural processes. Hydrological research is conducted there since the end of the 1980s. The overall mission of the research is to increase the knowledge about the hydrological cycle in the highest part of the Carpathians. The research agenda, briefly introduced in the first part of this article, is focused on water balance, snow accumulation and melt and runoff formation. Recent analysis of precipitation, discharge, snow cover and isotopic data from period 1989–2018 indicates that hydrological cycle has become more dynamic since 2014. Although several indicators suggest that it could be related to the cold part of the year, direct links with snow storage and the contribution of snowmelt water to catchment runoff were not confirmed. The second part of the article is therefore focused on an analysis of daily cycles in streamflow in March to June 1988–2018 to obtain a deeper insight into the snowmelt process. We describe characteristics of the cycles and examine their variability over the study period. The results indicate that less snow at the lowest elevations (800–1150 m a.s.l.) since 2009 could have influenced the cessation of the cycles in June since 2010. The possible role of the decreased amount of snow at the lowest elevations in changes in runoff characteristics is also suggested by an increase in time lags between maximum discharges during the events and maximum air temperatures preceding discharge maxima measured near the catchment outlet (at 750 m a.s.l.) in spring 2018 compared to springs with a similar number of streamflow cycles in the years 1988, 2000 and 2009. Wavelet analysis did not indicate changes in global power spectra in hourly discharge and air temperature data.     

Shenandoah Watershed Study-Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Study (SWAS-VTSSS): Stream water quality and hydrologic monitoring data for mid-Appalachian headwater streams

The Shenandoah Watershed Study (established in 1979) and the Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Study (established in 1987) serve to increase understanding of hydrological and biogeochemical changes in western Virginia mountain streams that occur in response to acidic deposition and other ecosystem stressors. The SWAS-VTSSS program has evolved over its 40+ year history to consist of a temporally robust and spatially stratified monitoring framework. Currently stream water is sampled for water quality bi-hourly during high-flow events at three sites and weekly at four sites within Shenandoah National Park (SHEN), and quarterly at 72 sites and on an approximately decadal frequency at ~450 sites within the wider western Virginia Appalachian region. Stream water is evaluated for pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), base cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium ion), acid anions (sulphate, nitrate and chloride), silica, ammonium, and conductivity with a subset of samples evaluated for monomeric aluminium and dissolved organic carbon. Hourly stream discharge (four sites) and in-situ measurements of conductivity, water and air temperature (three sites) are also measured within SHEN. Here we provide an overview and timeline of the SWAS-VTSSS stream water monitoring program, summarize the field and laboratory methods, describe the water chemistry and hydrologic data sets, and document major watershed disturbances that have occurred during the program history. Website links and instructions are provided to access the stream chemistry and time-series monitoring data in open-access federal databases. The purpose of this publication is to promote awareness of these unique, long-term data sets for wider use in catchment studies. The water chemistry and hydrologic data can be used to investigate a wide range of biogeochemical research questions and provide key inputs for models of these headwater stream ecosystems. SWAS-VTSSS is an ongoing program and quality assured data sets are uploaded to the databases annually.     

Late Pleistocene climate of the northern Iberian Peninsula: New insights from palaeoglaciers at Fuentes Carrionas (Cantabrian Mountains)

New ¹⁰Be dates for glacial landforms in the Fuentes Carrionas area (Cantabrian Mountains, nothern Spain) are presented. Mapped and dated landforms in Fuentes Carrionas made possible a palaeoglacier reconstruction for four glacial stages. Results were compared to other nearby palaeoenvironmental proxies, so a final approximation on the mean annual temperature and annual precipitation that caused the four glacial advance stages is proposed. Glaciers reached their maximum extension at 36 ka, in a cold and dry environment. A second advance stage took place between 18.5 and 19.5 ka, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), when glaciers advanced in a wet environment, with positive rainfall anomalies. A third glacial advance was dated during the Oldest Dryas, in which climate shifted to extremely cold and dry conditions. Finally, a last stage has been identified and proposed to the Younger Dryas, in which precipitation anomalies are negligible. Our results confirm some of the previously made palaeoglacial and palaeoenvironmental inferences for the Iberian Peninsula, as well as provide valuable and accurate anomalies, which are useful for climate modelling.     

The vertical influence of temperature and precipitation on snow cover variability in the Central Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

Seasonal snow cover in mountainous regions will affect local climate and hydrology. In this study, we assessed the role of altitude in determining the relative importance of temperature and precipitation in snow cover variability in the Central Tianshan Mountains. The results show that: (a) in the study area, temperature has a greater influence on snow cover than precipitation during most of the time period studied and in most altitudes. (b) In the high elevation area, there is a threshold altitude of 3,900 ± 400 m, below which temperature is negatively correlated whereas precipitation is positively correlated to snow cover, and above which the situation is the opposite. Besides, this threshold altitude decreases from snow accumulated period to snow stable period and then increases from snowmelt period to snow‐free period. (c) Below 2,000 m, there is another threshold altitude of 1,400 ± 100 m during the snow stable period, below (above) which precipitation (temperature) is the main driver of snow cover.     

High-P granulites of the Songshugou area (Qinling Orogen,east-central China): Petrography,phase relations,and U/Pb zircon geochronology

High-pressure (HP) granulites provide telling records of mineral reactions at upper mantle to lower crustal levels and key information on the fate of material in subduction systems. The latter especially applies when they abut eclogite and mantle dunite because such rock associations are crucial for understanding the incompletely known processes at the interface of converging plates. A continental arc, active c. 520–395 Ma ago, formed an enigmatic example of such a rock association in the Songshugou area, Qinling Orogen. To unravel the juxtaposition of the distinct rocks, this study combines petrography, phase equilibria modelling, conventional thermobarometry, and zircon U–Th–Pb–Ti–REE analysis. Two mafic HP granulites, which contain the mineral assemblages garnet–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–rutile–mesoperthite–quartz and garnet–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–rutile, experienced peak metamorphic conditions of ≤1.4 GPa, 860°C and ~1.3 GPa, ≥910°C, respectively. During decompression and cooling, at 489 ± 4 Ma, amphibole lamellae unmixed from a clinopyroxene solid solution and orthopyroxene in part replaced garnet. A felsic HP granulite shows equilibration of garnet, perthite, antiperthite, kyanite, quartz, and rutile at 810–860°C, ~1.2 GPa, sillimanite growth during decompression, and upper amphibolite facies cooling at 510 ± 4 Ma. Though the thermobarometric data are just within the methodological errors, the U/Pb zircon ages imply the HP granulites did not evolve coherently. The HP granulites either represent foundered lower arc crust or originated from subduction erosion because their geochemistry is indistinguishable from that of the hanging-wall plate. Published and new pressure–temperature–time–deformation paths converge at ~710°C, ~0.9 GPa, and ≲470 Ma, implying exhumation tectonics juxtaposed the HP granulites with a mélange of eclogite and mantle dunite at lower crustal levels. This study highlights that lower arc crust can comprise material of diverse evolution.