Mélanges and other types of block-in-matrix formations in the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan Orogen,northwest Spain): origin and significance

Block-in-matrix formations in the Variscan foreland of Spain (Cantabrian Zone) occur in two different geological settings. The major block-in-matrix formations are mélanges, which appear as carpets beneath or ahead of submarine thrust systems. These mélanges may reach up to kilometric thickness and are mostly composed of broken formations (boudinaged sequences) of late Carboniferous age and scattered ‘exotic’ blocks derived from older Palaeozoic formations. Moreover, the mélanges in the Cantabrian Zone also include subordinate debris flow deposits with a chaotic block-in-matrix fabric (olistostromes). The source of the mélange blocks was the front of advancing nappes, chiefly the upper part of the nappe stacks. Therefore, the Cantabrian mélanges are interpreted as originated through submarine sliding and slumping associated with steep slopes at the orogenic front. The different types of rock bodies of these mélanges may be related to the degree of lithification of the sediments or rocks during slumping. So, broken formations are boudinaged sequences where the boudins or blocks resulted from extensional faults developed in lithified or semilithified limestones and sandstones, whereas the unlithified muddy matrix underwent continuous deformation. The scattered ‘exotic’ blocks ranging in age from early Cambrian to early Carboniferous were incorporated into the mélanges as individual blocks from competent well-lithified formations, originally located in the lower part of the nappe stacks. Although the Cantabrian Zone mélanges include olistostromic intervals, most of the olistostromes of this zone occur in a different geological setting. They are usually intercalated in the normal marine deposits of the Variscan foreland basin and, in contrast to the mélanges, they are mostly related to the margins of carbonate platforms, ahead of moving nappes. Finally, other instances of olistostromes are related to slopes generated by limb rotation of growth folds, which developed on submarine wedge-top successions.     

40Ar/39Ar dating,fluid inclusions and S–Pb isotope systematics of the Shabaosi gold deposit,Heilongjiang Province,China

The Shabaosi deposit is the only large lode gold deposit in the northern Great Xing'an Range. The gold ore bodies are hosted by sandstone and siltstone of the Middle Jurassic Ershi'erzhan Formation, and are controlled by three N–S‐trending altered fracture zones. The gold ore bodies are composed of auriferous quartz veinlets and altered rocks. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the ore‐forming fluids belong to a H₂O–NaCl–CO₂–CH₄ system, with salinities between 0.83 and 8.28 wt% NaCl eq., and homogenization temperatures ranging from 180 to 320 °C. The δ³⁴S values of sulphides show a large variation from −16.9‰ to 8.5‰. The Pb isotope compositions of sulphides are characterized by a narrow range of ratios: 18.289 to 18.517 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.548 to 15.625 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 38.149 to 38.509 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb. The μ values range from 9.36 to 9.51. These results suggest that the ore‐forming fluids/materials were mainly of magmatic hydrothermal origin, derived from magmas produced by partial melting of the lower crust. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of auriferous quartz veinlets from the Shabaosi gold deposit is about 130 Ma. The Shabaosi gold deposit has counterparts in similar orogenic gold deposits, and was formed during the post‐collisional setting of the Mongolia–Okhotsk Orogen. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西秦岭寨上金矿地质-地球化学特征及成因探讨

西秦岭寨上金矿床分为南北两个矿带,受控于背斜构造的两翼,矿体呈板状,透镜状;主要的金属矿物有黄铁矿、毒砂、黝铜矿、辉锑矿、方铅矿.成矿期分沉积-成岩期、构造作用-热液叠加成矿期和表生氧化期;成矿流体属于中-低温、低盐度、低密度流体,压力集中在40～70 MPa,成矿平均深度为5.73 km.流体包裹体气相成分以H2O和CO2为主,含N2,CH4,C2H2,C2H6,CO等;流体液相成分中,阳离子以Na+和Ca2+为主,阴离子以Cl-,SO2-4为主,NO-3和F-次之.流体体系属Ca2+-Na+-Cl--SO2-4型.印支-燕山期花岗岩岩浆上升侵位,深部流体沿深大断裂上移,与围岩发生物质交换,萃取了泥盆系、二叠系中的成矿元素,形成含矿流体,并在构造动力和热动力的驱动下,运移到构造有利部位,由于物理化学条件的变化使流体沸腾,金矿物沉淀成矿.     

秦岭造山带宽坪群中的变铁镁质岩的成因、时代及其构造意义

地球化学分析结果显示,宽坪群变基性火山岩和斜长角闪岩SiO2含量均小于53%,TiO2的含量分别是0.87%~2.03%和0.92%~2.12%,MgO含量较低（Mg#=29~49）,原岩类型为亚碱性TH系列玄武质岩石。宽坪群变基性火山岩和斜长角闪岩的轻稀土、重稀土元素无明显分异,LREE呈现亏损—略富集,稀土元素配分模式呈平坦型,与E-MORB的配分模式相似。相对于N-MORB,宽坪群变基性火山岩和斜长角闪岩的大离子亲石元素（LILE, 如Sr、K、Rb和Ba）轻度富集,高场强元素（HFSE,如Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf、Ti等）既不富集也不亏损, 显示与E-MORB相类似的地球化学特征。宽坪群变基性火山岩和斜长角闪岩的初始锶比值比较分散,但其初始钕比值(143Nd/144Nd)(t)比较集中和均一,分别为0.511962~0.512192和0.512028~0.512157,??Nd(t)值均为正值,分别是+5.7~+10.2和+7.0~+9.5,表明2类岩石来自轻稀土和大离子亲石元素略呈亏损的源区。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代分析揭示,宽坪群变基性火山岩形成于晚新元古代Ediacaran期（611Ma±13Ma）,较老的残余晶核锆石可能是岩浆活动过程中捕获古老地壳成分的记录。黑云母40Ar/39Ar热年代学分析表明,宽坪群原岩变质时代为石炭纪Serpukhovian期（319.1Ma±3.6Ma）。认为宽坪群中的变铁镁岩块/片形成于晚新元古代被动陆缘裂谷洋盆,是华北陆块南缘大陆裂解作用的产物。     

南秦岭安康汉中地区岩石物性特征及应用

物性参数是地球物理与地质之间的纽带,也是地球物理解释和推断反演合理性的关键。为系统掌握南秦岭安康汉中地区岩(矿)石物性特征,提高解释准确性,服务基础地质研究和矿产资源调查评价,本次工作深入南秦岭安康汉中腹地,野外实测岩石物性点458处,采集磁化率数据13 740个、能谱数据458组,根据岩石地层年代及岩性对岩石物性进行分类统计。磁化率数据统计结果表明:古元古代基性及部分中性岩体在研究区内属于强磁性地质体,磁化率均值达4 000×10-5SI以上,其中辉长岩为最强;区内最主要的磁性地层为震旦系耀岭河组凝灰岩、古元古界西乡群,磁化率均值多接近1 000×10-5SI,高值者达2 000×10-5SI以上测量单位。经实验室测定,区内大多数磁性地质体以感磁为主,少数凝灰岩、辉长岩及含磁铁辉长岩具有较强的剩磁,在异常反演中必须加以考虑。能谱参数物性分析表明区内古生界和震旦系变质岩放射性较高,其中黑色岩石(含炭质)普遍放射性较高。通过庙坝村西和石泉县东南两处示例说明了磁、放物性参数在磁放资料解释中的重要作用,建立了航空磁放信息与地质信息之间的连接,提高了解释可靠性。     

小秦岭地区古元古代晚期花岗岩的LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

古元古代晚期的花岗岩类在华北克拉通南缘广泛分布,记录了区域岩石圈演化的重要信息。通过对小秦岭地区南部沿小河断裂出露的花岗岩类的锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Nd—Hf同位素地球化学研究,为小秦岭地区古元古代晚期的地壳演化提供了依据。自西向东,小河中粗粒二长花岗岩、小河细粒二长花岗岩和贵家峪花岗闪长岩的结晶年龄分别为1831±32 Ma、1860±13 Ma和1811±10 Ma。3个花岗岩体均以富硅（67. 4%~76. 0%）和高碱（7. 47%~9. 33%）为特征,属于高碱钙碱性到钾玄岩类。地球化学特征表明两个小河花岗岩体属I型花岗岩,具有碰撞型花岗岩特征,其中形成年龄为1831 Ma花岗岩具有高的Sr/Y（26. 56~49. 52）和(La/Yb)N（31. 35~236. 71）值、Eu负异常（0. 42~0. 68）,表明源区残留有石榴子石和少量的斜长石;贵家峪花岗闪长岩具有较高的FeOT/MgO比值（17. 7~29. 2）和10000Ga/Al比值（2. 95~3. 17）,表现出造山后A2型花岗岩特征,与1831Ma的地壳相比,地壳厚度明显减薄。三个岩体的岩浆锆石εHf(t)=-10. 5~-4. 5,两阶段模式年龄TDM2=2781~3122 Ma,全岩的εHf(t)=-7. 5~-4. 5,DM2=2667~2888 Ma,均指示了其物质来源于中到新太古代古老基底的部分熔融。这期岩浆事件可能是小秦岭区域对1. 85 Ga吕梁运动的响应,反映了碰撞造山作用地壳增厚向碰撞后地壳伸展减薄这一演化过程。     

松潘地块与西秦岭造山带下地壳的性质和关系——深地震反射剖面的揭露

松潘地块位于青藏高原的东缘,处于中国大陆东西向构造与南北向构造的结合部位,特殊的构造环境使其长期控制并影响着中国大陆的形成与演化。探测松潘地块的岩石圈细结构,揭示其与东昆仑-西秦岭造山带的关系,既可为研究青藏高原东北缘板块碰撞的深部过程奠定基础,同时又关联着松潘地块的油气远景评价。2004年完成了第一条横过松潘地块北缘若尔盖盆地和西秦岭造山带的长约257km的深地震反射剖面,首次揭露出若尔盖盆地和西秦岭造山带岩石圈的细结构。发现若尔盖盆地和西秦岭造山带同属统一的稳定的大陆地块,并且下地壳均以北倾的强反射为主要特征。这种北倾的反射为松潘地块向西秦岭下地壳俯冲提供了地震学证据。近于平坦的Moho反射特征反映出西秦岭造山带在造山后又经历了强烈的伸展作用。     

青藏高原东北缘岷县—武都地区构造地貌演化与高原隆升

西秦岭武都-岷县地区位于青藏高原东北缘,是中国两大构造地貌单元的转换过渡带。构造地貌研究表明,该地区发育四级夷平面,分别是Ⅰ级夷平面(山顶面)、Ⅱ级夷平面(主夷平面)和Ⅲ、Ⅳ级夷平面(剥蚀面),分别形成于 K2-E3之前、3．6Ma、2．5Ma、1．8Ma。主要河流发育4-7级基座阶地,并且四级及其以下低级阶地的特征具有相似性。夷平面和阶地的高程变化,指示了该地区地壳的隆升具有多阶段性和不均匀性,3．6Ma以来平均隆升速率在0．42- 0．57mm/a,3.6-1.8Ma是地壳快速隆升期,1．8Ma以来隆升速度减缓,但晚更新世(0．15Ma)以来,隆升明显加速,显示出青藏高原目前正处于新的加速隆升期。     

西秦岭与南北地震构造带交汇区深部电性结构特征

西秦岭造山带与南北地震构造带接触区是中国大陆最重要的南北向和东西向构造转化的接合部位之一.本文介绍了分别位于该区106°E东、西两侧的LMS-L3和DBS-L1两条大地电磁剖面的探测结果,两条剖面分别跨过了龙门山构造带东北段的青川段和宁强段.采用大地电磁相位张量分解技术对两条剖面上各测点的电性走向、二维偏离度等进行了计算和分析,采用NLCG二维反演方法对TE+TM模式的视电阻率和阻抗相位数据进行了二维联合反演.反演得到二维电性结构,在经度106°西侧LMS-L3剖面的深部电性结构自北向南揭示出,西秦岭北缘、成县盆地北缘、康县（即勉略构造带）和平武-青川断裂带都表现为明显的电性梯度带,深部延伸可达几十公里;西秦岭造山带、碧口地块与龙门山构造带东北段3个构造单元整体表现为高电阻体、呈现往南叠合且角度逐渐变陡的趋势.在106°E西侧西秦岭造山带区域的深部存在壳内低阻层,而东侧区域表现为高电阻体,深部电性结构在106°E东、西两侧的差异与该区深部速度结构特征一致,东、西两侧深部结构差异可能是该区中强地震分布差异的深层原因.LMS-L3和DBS-L1两条剖面南段的深部电性结构图像揭示出龙门山构造带东北部的青川段和宁强段内的平武-青川断裂带具有明显不同的深部结构特征,平武-青川断裂带在青川段为明显的电性梯度带,在宁强段不再表现为电性梯度带,而是完整的高电阻块体.汶川强余震向东北发展止于青川青木川附近,与平武-青川断裂带延伸深度和向北东方向的延伸长度密切相关,同时高电阻块体的宁强段对汶川强余震东北发展起到了阻挡作用.     

Petrogenesis of Songshugou dunite body in the Qinling orogenic belt,Central China: Constraints from geochemistry and melt inclusions

The chemical variation of the Earth’s mantle rocks has been interpreted to reflect multiple episodes of partial melting. With the increasing of melt generation and extraction, the readily molten minerals and incompatible elements decrease in the residual mantle peridotite. The present-day gladiate of the Earth, however, cannot cause mantle batch melting[1], nor 40% partial melting that allows pyroxenes to be completely dissolved into melt and forms dunite[2,3]. Recent studies show that mantl…