应对青藏高原东部的草地退化:政府和当地牧民有何差异(英文)

In the last decade, there has been increasing interest in climate change, pasture degradation and its driving forces, and innovations in nomadic pastoralism on the Tibetan Plateau. However, little is known of indigenous strategies of adaptation to pasture degradation, which limits the effectiveness of adaptation strategies planned by local government. This paper analyzes nomads’ strategies of adaptation to pasture degradation on the basis of a field survey of three townships of Dalag County in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. Pastures there have evidently degraded, with pastures in Wasai mainly in a state of slight or medium degradation and those in Manzhang and Jianshe in a state of medium or severe degradation. With the degradation of pasture, the grazing time is reduced, which affects the livelihoods of nomads. Although the Four-Package Project has commenced in this region, there is still severe fodder shortage in winter and spring. The traditional hay storage strategy does not work because of pasture degradation, and few nomads establish fenced and artificial pastures. Therefore, nomads have employed other strategies, such as renting pasture, providing supplementary feed, and diversifying their livelihoods. Local strategies taken by nomads can provide valuable insights into ecological restoration and livelihood improvement in the region and suggest changes to means promoted by local government. It is necessary to seek new means that combine the best aspects of nomadic pastoralism with modern stockbreeding technologies to help nomads adapt to pasture degeneration and improve their livelihoods.     

青海东部查明一大型微细浸染型金矿床

加吾金矿位于青海省东部同德县境内,是武警黄金部队近年来发现的又一处具大型规模的金矿床。该矿床在大地构造位置上处于西秦岭与东昆仑的衔接部位。矿体赋存于中下三叠统中,在平面上呈舒缓波状,在剖面上为脉状、似层状。矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿和毒砂,金主要以微细粒分布于石英裂隙和毒砂、黄铁矿等矿物粒间。区内中下三叠统隆务河群板岩中的金丰度值和有机碳含量高,是有利的赋矿层位。矿体产于北西向和近东西向构造蚀变带内,受区内断裂带控制明显。矿体在空间上与印支期中酸性岩浆岩相伴产出。研究表明,该矿床为受构造蚀变带控制的、与沉积作用和岩浆活动有成因联系的微细浸染型金矿床。截止目前,该矿共计探明金矿脉22条,累计提交金资源量超过20t。该矿的发现和评价对指导青海东部微细浸染型金矿找矿具有重要的示范意义。     

青海省天峻县木里煤田煤层气有利区块的 多层次模糊数学评判

对影响煤层气勘探开发潜力的各种因素进行了综合研究,确定了煤层气勘探开发潜力评价的3个二级指标(生气潜力、储层物性和封盖性能)及对应的三级指标。采用模糊数学方法对各级因素指标赋予权重,建立了用于煤层气勘探开发潜力评价的多层次模糊数学评判模型。利用该模型,对青海木里煤田中低煤阶煤层气资源勘探开发潜力进行了评价,认为江仓矿区是木里煤层气勘探开发的最佳试验区。所建立的评价体系可以作为中低煤阶煤层气资源开发潜力评价的参考体系。     

青海省煤炭资源概况及潜力分析

青海省煤炭资源相对比较贫乏,且分布不均衡,总体勘查程度较低。煤炭资源潜力评价结果显示,青海煤炭预测资源量为344.46亿t,总量占全国比值相对较少,已查明资源储量为45.84亿t,查明率是13.26%,查明程度很低。根据对资源量赋存深度、成煤时代、煤质类型及地域分布的分析,认为全省煤炭煤种优势明显,产地相对集中,找矿潜力很大。根据青海省经济发展规划,以煤炭资源开发利用为基础的煤化工产业将成为青海省又一重要经济支柱,因此应加大地质勘查投入,着力提高全省的煤炭地质勘查程度,为青海省经济可持续发展提供资源保障。     

青海西部祁漫塔格地区主要矽卡岩铁多金属矿床成矿地质背景和矿化蚀变特征

青海西部祁漫塔格地区矽卡岩铁多金属矿床分布广泛,目前已成为中国西部最重要和最有找矿潜力的矽卡岩铁多金属成矿带.在大地构造上,该地区属东昆仑造山带;成矿主要与印支期(204～237Ma)闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩有关;控矿地层包括蓟县系狼牙山组大理岩、硅质岩,奥陶系-志留系滩间山群大理岩、碎屑岩、硅质岩、中-基性火山岩和石炭系结晶灰岩、碎屑岩等.区内发育3类矽卡岩,即钙矽卡岩、镁矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩,以前者为主.钙矽卡岩常伴生Fe、Cu、Mo(Pb,Zn)矿化,镁矽卡岩主要伴生Fe矿化,锰质矽卡岩则伴生Pb、Zn(Ag)矿化;矿石矿物组合多种多样,矿化具有一定的分带性.内接触带侵入岩广泛发育钾长石化,与矽卡岩类型一起构成该类矿床的重要找矿标志之一.     

青海虎头崖多金属矿床地球化学特征及成矿-控矿因素研究

虎头崖铜铅锌多金属矿床的成矿作用十分复杂,成矿-控矿因素仍不明,已成为制约找矿突破的瓶颈.鉴于此,笔者对该矿床的地质、地球化学特征和侵入岩年龄及地球化学开展了研究.结果表明,Ⅵ矿带二长花岗岩LA-MC-I CP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为(217.5±1.1) Ma(MSWD=1.4).Ⅵ矿带和Ⅱ矿带二长花岗岩钾、钠含量均较高,w(K2O)大于w(Na2O),分异程度较高,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线向右缓倾斜,强烈富集LILE,中等富集HFSE,贫Ti、Ba,具有后碰撞阶段岩石的特点.成矿受侵入岩岩浆源区、演化方式,地层,构造,以及岩体与围岩接触方式的综合控制.源区具有地幔物质贡献的Ⅵ矿带二长花岗岩,成矿作用较强,主要形成近接触带矽卡岩型和远接触带矽卡岩型Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿.而壳源特征为主的Ⅱ矿带二长花岗岩成矿能力较弱,主要形成矽卡岩型Sn、Mo、Fe等矿产.     

西藏南部吉隆盆地晚中新世-早更新世介形类群落研究

本文在西藏南部吉隆盆地新生代沉积中获得丰富的介形类化石,根据介形类动物群在地层剖面上的分布规律,建立了8个介形类群落,自下而上为:Leucocytherella trinoda-Ilyocypris群落;Ilyocypris pentanada-Leucocytherella hyalina群落;Candoniella zadaensis-Leucocytherella群落;Eucypris subgyrongensis-Candoniella zadaensis群落;Leucocytherella-Cadoniella zadaensis群落;Leucocythere mirabilis-Leucocytherella hyalina群落;Leucocythere mirabilis-Leucocytherella glabra群落和Leucocythere mirabilis-Leucocytherella trinoda群落。通过对介形类群落进行详细的特征分析,并结合磁性地层年代学数据,将吉隆盆地7.2～1.67Ma的古气候划分为5个期次:①7.2～6.7Ma为暖湿期;②6.7～5.8Ma为凉湿期;③5.8～3.6Ma为暖湿期;④3.6～2.6Ma为凉湿期;⑤2.6～1.67Ma为冷干期。将研究区的7.2Ma以来的气候演化特征与全球气候演变对比认为:吉隆盆地7.2～5.8Ma间的气候以暖湿为主,可能与来自印度的东南季风加强有关;5.8～3.6Ma间吉隆盆地古气候分析显示为相对暖湿期,可能与来自印度洋的东南季风再次加强有关;3.6Ma后,由于是受全球气候变冷、冬季风加强及青藏高原强烈隆升的影响,吉隆盆地气候向更寒冷干旱的环境转变。     

Quantifying Barrovian metamorphism in the Danba Structural Culmination of eastern Tibet

The Danba Structural Culmination is a tectonic window into the late Triassic to early Jurassic Songpan‐Garzê Fold Belt of eastern Tibet, which exposes an oblique section through a complete Barrovian‐type metamorphic sequence. Systematic analysis of a suite of metapelites from this locality has enabled a general study of Barrovian metamorphism, and provided new insights into the early thermotectonic history of the Tibetan plateau. The suite was used to create a detailed petrographic framework, from which four samples ranging from staurolite to sillimanite grade were selected for thermobarometry and geochronology. Pseudosection analysis was applied to calculate P–T path segments and determine peak conditions between staurolite grade at ～5.2 kbar and 580 °C and sillimanite grade at ～6.0 kbar and 670 °C. In situ U–Pb monazite geochronology reveals that staurolite‐grade conditions were reached at 191.5 ± 2.4 Ma, kyanite‐grade conditions were attained at 184.2 ± 1.5 Ma, and sillimanite‐grade conditions continued until 179.4 ± 1.6 Ma. Integration of the results has provided constraints on the evolution of metamorphism in the region, including a partial reconstruction of the regional metamorphic field gradient. Several key features of Barrovian metamorphism are documented, including nested P–T paths and a polychronic field gradient. In addition, several atypical features are noted, such as P–T path segments having similar slopes to the metamorphic field gradient, and T_max and P_max being reached simultaneously in some samples. These features are attributed to the effects of slow tectonic burial, which allows for thermal relaxation during compression. While nested, clockwise P–T–t loops provide a useful framework for Barrovian metamorphism, this study shows that the effects of slow burial can telescope this model in P–T space. Finally, the study demonstrates that eastern Tibet experienced a significant phase of crustal thickening during the Mesozoic, reinforcing the notion that the plateau may have a long history of uplift and growth.     

Effects from diaphragm wall installation to surrounding soil and adjacent buildings

A new approach for simulating the excavation and construction of subsequent panels is proposed to investigate the effects from the installation of diaphragm walls on the surrounding and adjacent buildings. The method has been combined with a 3-D nonlinear analysis and a constitutive law providing bulk and shear modulus variation, depending on the stress path (loading, unloading, reloading). From the application of the method in a normally to slightly over-consolidated clayey soil it was found that the panel length is the most affecting factor of ground movements and lateral stress reduction during panel installation. Moreover, from the evaluation of horizontal stress reduction and the variation of horizontal displacements arises that the effects from the construction of a panel are mainly limited to a zone within a distance of the order of the panel length. The effects on an adjacent building have also been investigated by applying a full soil–structure interaction including the whole building. Settlement profiles and settlements are given at specific points as increasing with subsequent installation of panels, providing the ability of specific monitoring guidelines for the upcoming construction of the diaphragm wall in front of the building. Contrary to lateral movements, which mostly take place at the panel under construction, it was found that the effect of settlements covers a larger area leading to a progressive settlement increase. The effect highly depends on the distance from the panel under construction.     

印度与欧亚板块碰撞以来东喜马拉雅构造结的演化

在野外填图,构造观察及前人研究的基础上,本文识别并描述了东喜马拉雅构造结中的推覆断裂、正断裂及走滑断裂、背斜(形)和向斜(形)等构造类型,讨论了这些构造位置及与印度板块挤入,印支地块旋转的关系,还探讨了东喜马拉雅构造结对印度板块持续向北推挤下的特殊应变调节方式。在印度大陆部分,东喜马拉雅构造结由3个向外逐渐变新的构造结组成,即北东向的南迦巴瓦峰复式背斜、北西向的桑复式向斜及北东向的阿萨母复式向斜。上述3个构造结是协调印度板块的挤入、喜马拉雅弧的扩展及印支地块的旋转的构造。在欧亚大陆内部的冈底斯岛弧,在派区及阿尼桥走滑断裂协调下,高喜马拉雅结晶岩的基底挤入冈底斯岛弧内部,在大拐弯顶端形成向上的挤出构造。在南迦巴瓦峰构造结的北西侧,由于掀斜式抬升及重力滑动,使得冈底斯盖层与结晶基底脱耦,上盘盖层沿东久向北西方向滑动。在南迦巴瓦峰构造结北东侧,由于印支地块的挤出和旋转,形成一系列的北西向走滑断裂,如实皆断裂、嘉黎-高黎贡断裂、澜沧江断裂及红河断裂等。